Continued 031013 Islamic Slave Trade A misnomer If transatlantic trade has not been called Christian slave trade then it would be more appropriate to use Arab P ersian slave trade ID: 472415
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Slide1
Atlantic Slave Trade
(Continued)
03/10/13Slide2
Islamic Slave Trade? A misnomer?
If transatlantic trade has not been called “Christian slave trade”, then it would be more appropriate to use
Arab/
P
ersian slave trade
instead of Islamic slave trade. Slide3
What is triangular Trade?Slide4
Triangular Trade
The Atlantic trade route (trade of slaves, sugar and manufactured goods) between Europe, Africa, and the Americas formed a triangular pattern. Slide5
Process of making slaves (p. 426)
Brutal and inhumane business.
As the the demands for slaves grew, African chieftains organized attacks and wars on neighboring societies for capturing individuals.
Individuals were taken from homes and fields.
Captives were taken to the coast to live in holding pins until the ship arrived to take them. Slide6
African Captives in YokesSlide7
Middle Passage
Harsh conditions on the ship--Filthy, crowded, cramped quarters.
Inhumane and cruel treatment of slaves.
Travel time (4 to 6 weeks).
High death rate among slaves due to disease (half of them would die in early days). Slide8
The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
High volume of slaves exported to Americas (average 55,000/year).
About 12 million African brought to the Americas and about 4 million died before arriving. Slide9
The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
The impact varied over time and from one society to another.
Some African societies (Asante,
Dahomey
and Oyo) profited from slave trade (got fire arms) and built powerful states in west Africa.
Societies close to the port had to bear huge losses and were extremely vulnerable to slaver trade. Slide10
The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
Overall, the impact of slave trade on Africa was devastating.
16 million African people taken away
Imbalance in male-female sex ratio---male slaves (ages 14-35 highly preferred). By late 18
th
century women made up 2/3rds of the society.
Social implications
Polygamy
Increased workload for women (they had to men’s jobs too). Slide11
Political Implications
Violence increased as result of increasingly exchanged slaves for firearms.
The kingdom with more firearms would attack and capture slaves from neighboring societies.
(for example: kingdom of
Dahomey
on P. 428). Slide12
African Diaspora
Slaves did resist bondage (slavery) in their own way and often created hybrid cultures (mixture of African, European, and American cultures). Slide13
Plantations Societies
WORK: Slaves worked as urban workers, domestic servants and miners, but
mostly as agricultural labors on plantations.
Plantation regions:
Spanish colonies
------Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico
Portuguese colony
-----Brazil
English, Dutch, and French colonies
-----Caribbean and the AmericasSlide14
Plantations Societies
South American and Caribbean
received a very high number of slaves, these places still needed continuous supply of slaves from Africa.
Reasons:
Tropical diseases killed many.
More male slaves few females (slow reproduction)
North American
Only 5% of slaves went to North American destination but they were able to increase their numbers.
Reasons:
and less threatening diseases
higher number of female slaves.Slide15
Resistance to Slavery
Slaves did not meekly accepted their status but showed resistance in various ways.
Examples:
Worked slowly on plantations.
Sabotaged plantation equipment or routine.
Running away----some even formed societies
(see Maroon societies p. 429). Slide16
Maroon Societies
Runaway slaves made their own self-governing societies in remote areas throughout north America.
Many
M
aroons had gained military training in Africa and organized escaped slaves into effective military forces. Slide17
Resistance to Slavery
d) Revolt:
Rising up against the owners ---most dramatic form of resistance.
but it never ended slavery, because ruling elites would use military force against them.
One exception: revolt in French sugar colony of Saint-
Dominigue
ended slavery was renamed HAITI . Slide18
Slavery and E
conomic Development in Americas
The physical labor of African slaves made significant contribution to societies in the Americas.
Cultivated crops.
Extracted minerals.
Resulting in global trade of early modern era.
Unfortunately, the very people responsible for this development remained deprived for a long time. Slide19
Racist Attitudes against blacks
Stereotypes and racist attitudes (the belief that blacks are inferior than whites) is a result of transatlantic slave trade. Slide20
The Making of African American Cultural Traditions
African slaves did not have the liberty to continue to practice their culture freely in western hemisphere.
Also, on ships the slaves met with others from different African societies.
In the Americas and Caribbean the slaves lived in societies shaped by European and American traditions.
As a result they constructed a distinctive African-American cultural tradition. Slide21
Language
Slaves often spoke
Creole
tongue that drew upon several African and European languages. Slide22
African- American Religions
Slaves’ religion also combined elements from different societies (African, European, native American).
Most Africans practiced a syncretic faith (mixing of different religions) that allowed them to make use of African interests and traditions. Slide23
Influence of Christianity
All syncretic religions drew inspiration from Christianity.
Some examples:
Meeting in churches, sought personal salvation.
Made use of Christian paraphernalia (different items used in Christianity) such as candles, holy water, statues. Slide24
Influence of African traditions on Christianity
Slaves continued to use African rituals and these practices played prominent roles in in African American religions.
For example:
Drumming, dancing, sacrificing animals.
Beliefs in spirits, supernatural powers, magic, witchcraft and spirit possession Slide25
Example of some African American Religions.
Examples:
Vodou
in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Candomble in Brazil. Slide26
Candomble in Brazil
http://
www.youtube.com
/
watch?v
=dr3zQRXzuvYSlide27
example
Vodou
: a
set of spiritual folkways which originated from the traditions of the
African diaspora
.
http://
www.youtube.com
/
watch?v
=x-eV17m4Vi4Slide28
Also,
African American churches improvised on some Christian traditions such as church music.
Slide29
Black Gospel Music
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
ntujsGApwT0Slide30
African American Cultural Traditions
a) Food
Slaves introduced African foods to Caribbean.
GUMBO
is a good example of combining African (okra), European styles sautéed vegetables, and American shellfish.
b) The slaves also introduced rice cultivation.
c) Crafts: clay pots, baskets. Slide31
The End of Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery
Abolitionism or Abolitionist movement:
The goal of the movement was to end slave trade and to free the slaves.
French and American revolutions (with their emphasis on liberty) stimulated Abolitionist movement. Slide32
Olaudah
Equiano
Was a slave who later gained freedom.
Wrote an autobiography about
harch
brutalities of slavery and the book became a best seller.
He travelled throughout the Europe, gave speeches and lobbied for abolition of slavery. Slide33
Economic costs of slavery
NOTE:
In addition to socio/political reasons, there were some important economic reasons for abolition of slaver trade/slavery. Slide34
Economic costs of Slavery
The slave trade was becoming expensive.
Military forces were needed to prevent rebellion in slave societies.
African slave traders and European merchants shapely increased their prices.
The focus of trade shifted from plantations to manufacturing factories (more profitable). Slide35
Important
End of Slave Trade did not end slavery did not end immediately.
Slavery as an institution it self was a long drawn out process.
See dates on p. 431-432 for end of slave trade and end of slavery. Slide36
Quiz 2 On Thursday October 19
th
8 points
4-5 short
questions and answers
(4-6 lines).
Over Transatlantic Slave Trade
Prepare the following questions for the quiz. Slide37
Questions for quiz on Thursday Oct 10
th
What is meant by middle passage?
Explain the kind of treatment the slaves received on the ships.
What was transatlantic slave trade called “the triangular trade”?
List some social and political implications of slavery for Africa?
What are cash crops? What were some important cash crops grown on plantations?Slide38
Questions for quiz on Thursday Oct 10
th
How did Christianity influence African religions?
How did slaves resist slavery? Give at least two examples.
What were some economic reasons for end of slave trade? Slide39
Next class
Will discuss common writing assignment Slide40
Quizzes
Hand back graded quiz 1
Important: The quiz with lowest grade will be dropped/ will not be counted.
Example
: