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Slide1
Chapter 16Waste Generation and Waste Disposal
Friedland
and Relyea Environmental Science for AP®, second edition © 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW
AP
®
is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College
Board
®
,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.Slide2
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?PaperPolystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsSlide3
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXSlide4
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no woodSlide5
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
XSlide6
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g woodSlide7
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
XSlide8
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulationSlide9
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
XSlide10
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)Slide11
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
XSlide12
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one useSlide13
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
XSlide14
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twiceSlide15
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
XSlide16
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transportSlide17
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
XSlide18
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production processSlide19
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
XSlide20
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown awaySlide21
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
XSlide22
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
X
Bleach used in manufacturing harms aquatic lifeSlide23
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
X
Bleach used in manufacturing harms aquatic life
XSlide24
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum
, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
X
Bleach used in manufacturing harms aquatic life
X
May leach chemicals
into coffee and harm human healthSlide25
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
X
Bleach used in manufacturing harms aquatic life
X
May leach chemicals
into coffee and harm human health
XSlide26
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?Paper
Polystyrene
Does not decompose in landfillsXProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
X
Bleach used in manufacturing harms aquatic life
X
May leach chemicals
into coffee and harm human health
X
Will degrade
in landfill and produce methaneSlide27
What is better for the environment—a paper cup or a polystyrene cup?PaperPolystyrene
Does not decompose in landfills
XProduction uses 3 g of petroleum, but no wood
X
Production requires 2 g of petroleum and 33 g wood
X
Additional paper must be used for insulation
X
Uses twice as much energy and much more water for production (more energy = more pollution)
X
May be used many times, but is usually thrown away after one use
X
Used only once or twice
X
Heavier, so requires more energy to transport
X
Toxic emissions are created in the production process
X
May be composted but is usually thrown away
X
Bleach used in manufacturing harms aquatic life
X
May leach chemicals
into coffee and harm human health
X
Will degrade
in landfill and produce methane
XSlide28
Module 51 Only Humans Generate WasteAfter reading this module, you should be able toexplain why we generate waste and describe recent waste disposal trends.describe the content of the solid waste stream in the United States.Slide29
Humans generate waste that other organisms cannot use Waste Material outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed.Municipal solid waste (MSW) Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and institutions.Waste can be viewed as a system
.Slide30
Waste as a SystemThe solid waste system. Waste is a component
of a human-dominated system in which products
are manufactured, used, and eventually disposed of (arrows are not proportional). At least some of the waste of this system may become the input of another system.Slide31
The Throw-Away SocietyMunicipal solid waste generation in the United States, 1960–2011. Total MSW
generation and per capita MSW generation had been increasing from 1960 through 2008. They
have recently started to decrease. Slide32
What does it mean to be a throw away society?It uses products that are made to be used for a short time and then discardedHow does planned obsolescence contribute to waste generation?Products are designed so that they will need to be replaced within a few years, this increases materials in the waste stream.Slide33
The solid waste stream contains materials from many sources Waste stream The flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way.Slide34
Composition of Municipal Solid WasteComposition and sources of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States.
(a) The composition, by weight, of MSW in the United States in 2011 before recycling. Paper
, food, and yard waste make up more than half of the MSW by weight. (b) The breakdown of the material thatis recovered and the material that is discarded. Paper makes up more than half of the material that isrecovered. Food and yard waste make up almost one-third of material that is discarded. Slide35
E-WasteElectronic waste, including televisions, computers, portable music players, and cell phones accounts for roughly 2 percent of the waste stream but its effect is greater than this amount indicates.E-waste contains toxic metals such as mercury and cadmium which can leach out of landfills.Even when e-waste is sent to be recycled, it is not always done so properly.Slide36
Module 52 The Three Rs and CompostingAfter reading this module, you should be able todescribe the three Rs.understand the process and benefits of composting.Slide37
The three Rs divert materials from the waste streamReduce, reuse, recycle A popular phrase promoting the idea of diverting materials from the waste stream. Also known as the three Rs.Slide38
ReduceReduce is the first choice among the three Rs because reducing inputs is the optimal way to achieve a reduction in solid waste generation. Source reduction An approach to waste management that seeks to cut waste by
reducing the use of potential waste materials in the early stages
of design and manufacture.Source reduction can also increase energy efficiency; manufacturing produces less waste and can minimize disposal processes.Source reduction may also involve substituting less toxic materials or products.Slide39
ReuseReuse Using a product or material that was intended to be discarded.Optimally, no additional energy or resources are needed for the object to be reused.Energy may be required to prepare or transport an object for reuse by someone other than the original user.Slide40
RecycleRecycling The process by which materials destined to become municipal solid waste (MSW) are collected and converted into raw material that is then used to produce new objects.Closed-loop recycling Recycling a product
into the same product.Open-loop recycling
Recycling one product into a different product.Slide41
RecycleClosed- and open-loop recycling. (a) In closed-loop recycling, a discarded carpetcan be recycled into a new carpet, although some additional energy and raw material are needed. (b) In
open-loop recycling, a material such as a beverage container is used once and then recycled into
something else, such as a fleece jacket.Slide42
RecycleTotal weight of municipal solid waste recycled and percent of MSW recycledin the United States over time.
Both the total weight of MSW that is recycled and the percentage of MSW
that is recycled have increased over time.Slide43
Composting is becoming more popular Organic materials such as food and yard waste that end up in landfills are unstable; the absence of oxygen in landfills causes organic material to decompose anaerobically, which produces methane gas.Composting Creation of organic matter (humus) by decomposition under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil
structure, cation exchange capacity,
and fertility.Materials suitable for compositing include vegetables and vegetable by-products, animal manure, yard wastes, and paper fiber not destined for recycling.Slide44
CompostingA municipal composting facility. A typical facility collects almost 100,000 metric
tons of food scraps and paper per year and turns it into usable compost. Most facilities have some kind
of mechanized system to allow mixing and aeration of the organic material, which speeds conversion to compost. Slide45
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decrease
Potential economic benefits
Potential disadvantagesSlide46
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decrease
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Potential disadvantagesSlide47
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decrease
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of livingSlide48
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decreaseMaterials cycle
within a system for a longer time with no additional energy or resources needed
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of livingSlide49
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decreaseMaterials cycle
within a system for a longer time with no additional energy or resources needed
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Money can be saved by reusing an item rather than purchasing a new one; used items can be acquired at reduced
prices
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of livingSlide50
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decreaseMaterials cycle
within a system for a longer time with no additional energy or resources needed
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Money can be saved by reusing an item rather than purchasing a new one; used items can be acquired at reduced
prices
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of living
Energy may be required to clean and transport an item for reuse; water may be required to clean an item
for reuse and wastewater may be generatedSlide51
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decreaseMaterials cycle
within a system for a longer time with no additional energy or resources needed
Fewer raw materials must be extracted, which reduces pollution, environmental degradation, and energy use
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Money can be saved by reusing an item rather than purchasing a new one; used items can be acquired at reduced
prices
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of living
Energy may be required to clean and transport an item for reuse; water may be required to clean an item
for reuse and wastewater may be generatedSlide52
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decreaseMaterials cycle
within a system for a longer time with no additional energy or resources needed
Fewer raw materials must be extracted, which reduces pollution, environmental degradation, and energy use
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Money can be saved by reusing an item rather than purchasing a new one; used items can be acquired at reduced
prices
Recycling cuts
the cost of extracting or harvesting raw materials, which can save money in the production process
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of living
Energy may be required to clean and transport an item for reuse; water may be required to clean an item
for reuse and wastewater may be generatedSlide53
Reduce
Reuse
RecycleEffect on solid waste managementIf inputs are decreased, then output will also decreaseMaterials cycle
within a system for a longer time with no additional energy or resources needed
Fewer raw materials must be extracted, which reduces pollution, environmental degradation, and energy use
Potential economic benefits
Companies can
save money when they use less packaging; people can manage on a smaller budge if they use less
Money can be saved by reusing an item rather than purchasing a new one; used items can be acquired at reduced
prices
Recycling cuts
the cost of extracting or harvesting raw materials, which can save money in the production process
Potential disadvantages
Sometimes using less can be considered a lower standard of living
Energy may be required to clean and transport an item for reuse; water may be required to clean an item
for reuse and wastewater may be generated
Recycling materials
requires time for processing, cleaning, transporting, and possible modification before material is usable.Slide54
Module 53 Landfills and IncinerationAfter reading this module, you should be able todescribe the goals and function of a solid waste landfill.explain the design and purpose of a solid waste incinerator.Slide55
Landfills are the primary destination for MSWThe fate of municipal solid waste in
the United
States. The majority of MSW is disposed of in landfills.Slide56
Landfill Basics Leachate Liquid that contains elevated levels of pollutants as a result of having passed through municipal solid waste (MSW) or contaminated soil.Sanitary landfill An engineered ground facility designed to hold municipal solid waste (MSW
) with as little contamination of the
surrounding environment as possible.Tipping fee A fee charged for disposing of material in a landfill or incinerator.Slide57
Landfill BasicsA modern sanitary landfill. A landfill constructed today has many features to keepcomponents of the solid waste from entering the soil, water table, or nearby
streams.
Some of the most important environmental features are the clay liner, the leachate collection system, the cap—which prevents additional water from entering the landfill—
and
, if present, the methane extraction system.Slide58
What items should not go in a landfill?Aluminum and other metals (recycle)Toxic materials such as oil-based paints household cleanersConsumer electronicsAppliancesBatteriesOrganic materials (compost them instead)Slide59
How is a landfill closed once it reaches capacity?A landfill must be closed when it reaches capacity to reduce or eliminate input and output of waterIt is capped with soil and clay and sometimes plasticTopography is engineered to encourage water to flow off to the sides rather than into the landfillVegetation may be used to reduce erosion (and to make it look better)Construction is limited for many years, but it can be used for parks or playgrounds.Slide60
Choosing a Site for a Sanitary Landfill Siting The designation of a landfill location, typically through a regulatory process involving studies, written reports, and public hearings.Landfill siting has been the source of considerable environmental injustice. People with financial resources or political influence often adopt a “not-in-my-backyard,” or NIMBY, attitude about landfill sites.
A site may be chosen not because it meets the safety criteria better than other options but because its neighbors lack the resources to mount an effective opposition
.Slide61
Environmental Consequences of Landfills No matter how careful the design and engineering, there is always the possibility that leachate from a landfill will contaminate underlying and adjacent waterways.The EPA estimates that virtually all landfills in the United States have had some leaching. Even after a landfill is closed, the potential to harm adjacent waterways remains.
Anaerobic decomposition generates methane and carbon dioxide—both greenhouse gases—as well as other gaseous compounds. The methane also creates an explosion hazard.Slide62
Incineration is another way to treat waste materialsIncineration The process of burning waste materials to reduce volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity or heat.Ash The residual nonorganic material that does not
combust during incineration.Bottom ash
Residue collected at the bottom of the combustion chamber in a furnace.Fly ash The residue collected from the chimney or exhaust pipe of a furnace.Waste-to-energy A system in which heat generated by incineration is used as an
energy source
rather than released into the atmosphere.Slide63
Incineration BasicsA municipal mass-burn waste-to-energy incinerator. In this plant, MSW iscombusted and the exhaust is filtered. Remaining ash is disposed of in a landfill. The resulting heat
energy is
used to make steam, which turns a generator that generates electricity in the same manner as was illustrated in Figure 34.7.Slide64
Environmental Consequences of IncinerationTipping fees are higher at incinerators than at landfills. An incinerator may release air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of plastics and metals. Incinerators produce ash that is more concentrated and more toxic than the original MSW.Incinerator ash that is deemed toxic must be disposed of in a special landfill for toxic materials.Slide65
Landfill
Incineration
AdvantagesDisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantages
Engineered to hold large
amojunts
of MSW with little contamination
of the surrounding environment
Less expensive to build and maintain than incinerationSlide66
Landfill
Incineration
AdvantagesDisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantages
Engineered to hold large
amojunts
of MSW with little contamination
of the surrounding environment
Less expensive to build and maintain than incineration
Sites may lead to environmental injustice issues
Leachate can contaminate underlying adjacent waterways
Anaerobic decomposition
leads to the production of the greenhouse gases methane and CO2
Methane creates an explosion hazard if not properly ventedSlide67
Landfill
Incineration
AdvantagesDisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantages
Engineered to hold large
amojunts
of MSW with little contamination
of the surrounding environment
Less expensive to build and maintain than incineration
Sites may lead to environmental injustice issues
Leachate can contaminate underlying adjacent waterways
Anaerobic decomposition
leads to the production of the greenhouse gases methane and CO2
Methane creates an explosion hazard if not properly vented
Waste reduction up to 90%
Energy may be generated for electricity and heatSlide68
LandfillIncineration
Advantages
DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantages
Engineered to hold large
amojunts
of MSW with little contamination
of the surrounding environment
Less expensive to build and maintain than incineration
Sites may lead to environmental injustice issues
Leachate can contaminate underlying adjacent waterways
Anaerobic decomposition
leads to the production of the greenhouse gases methane and CO2
Methane creates an explosion hazard if not properly vented
Waste reduction up to 90%
Energy may be generated for electricity and heat
Toxic ash must be disposed of in a designated landfill
Metals and other toxins
may be released into the atmosphere
Tipping fees are higher at incineration facilities than at landfills
Incinerators are expensive to build and require large quantities of MSW in order to burn efficiently and to be profitableSlide69
Answer Review Questions on page 574Slide70
p. 5741. e2. a3. b4. e5. cSlide71
Answer Review Questions on page 567Slide72
p. 5671. b2. c3. a4. e5. bSlide73
Answer Review Questions on page 560Slide74
p. 5601. b2. d3. c4. e5. cSlide75
Module 54 Hazardous WasteAfter reading this module, you should be able todefine hazardous waste and discuss the issues involved in handling it.describe regulations and legislation regarding hazardous waste.Slide76
Hazardous waste requires proper handling and disposalHazardous waste Liquid, solid, gaseous, or sludge waste material that is harmful to humans or ecosystems.Collection sites for hazardous waste must be staffed with specially trained personnel. Hazardous waste must be treated before disposal.Slide77
Legislation oversees and regulates the treatment of hazardous wasteA number of laws and acts specifically cover hazardous waste:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was designed to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste. Also know as “cradle-to-grave” tracking. RCRA ensures that hazardous waste is tracked and properly disposed of.Slide78
Regulation and Oversight of Handling Hazardous WasteSuperfund Act The common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA); a 1980 U.S. federal act that imposes a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries, funds the cleanup of abandoned and nonoperating hazardous waste sites, and authorizes the federal government to respond directly to the release or threatened release of substances that may pose a threat to human health or the environment.Slide79
NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y.--Twenty five years after the Hooker Chemical Company stopped using the Love Canal here as an industrial dump, 82 different compounds, 11 of them suspected carcinogens, have been percolating upward through the soil, their drum containers rotting and leaching their contents into the backyards and basements of 100 homes and a public school built on the banks of the canal.Slide80
LegislationBrownfields Contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded.Examples of Brownfields include old factories, industrial areas and waterfronts, dry cleaners, gas stations, landfills, and rail yards.
The brownfields legislation lacks legal liability controls to compel polluters to rehabilitate their properties.Slide81
Module 55 New Ways to Think About Solid WasteAfter reading this module, you should be able toexplain the purpose of life-cycle analysis.describe alternative ways to handle waste and waste generation.Slide82
Life-cycle analysis considers materials used and released throughout the lifetime of a product Life-cycle analysis A systems tool that looks at the materials used and released throughout the lifetime of a product—from the procurement of raw materials through their manufacture, use, and disposal.
Also known as Cradle-to-grave analysis
.Although life-cycle analysis may not be able to determine absolute environmental impact, it can be very helpful in assessing other considerations, especially those related to economics and energy use.Slide83
Integrated waste management is a more holistic approachIntegrated waste management An approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies in order to reduce the environmental impact of MSW.
A holistic approach to waste management.
Depending on the kind of waste and the geographic location, reducing waste can take much less time and money than disposing of it. Horizontal arrows indicate the waste stream from manufacture to disposal and curved arrows indicate ways in
which waste
can either be reduced or removed from the stream, thereby reducing the amount of waste
incinerated or
placed in landfills.Slide84
What is upcycling?Taking a waste material or product and upgrading it to something of higher qualityCan you think of a discarded item in your home that you might upcycle?