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Driver Safety Defensive Driving - PowerPoint Presentation

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Driver Safety Defensive Driving - PPT Presentation

DISCLAIMER This training material presents very important pertinent information It should not be assumed however that this program satisfies every legal requirement of every state Some states require the training be developed and delivered by an individual with specific training and experie ID: 758088

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Slide1

Driver

SafetyDefensive DrivingSlide2

DISCLAIMER

This

training material presents very important, pertinent information. It should not be assumed, however, that this program satisfies every legal requirement of every state. Some states require the training be developed and delivered by an individual with specific training and experience.

This training is AWARENESS LEVEL and does not authorize any person to perform work or validate their level of competency; it must be supplemented with operation and process-specific assessments and training, as well as management oversight, to assure that all training is understood and followed.

Your organization must do an evaluation of all exposures and applicable codes and regulations. In addition, establish proper controls, training, and protective measures to effectively control exposures and assure compliance. This program is neither a determination that the conditions and practices of your organization are safe, nor a warranty that reliance upon this program will prevent accidents and losses or satisfy local, state, or federal regulations.

How to Use this Presentation

This presentation contains base material for use in an instructor-led training setting. You may modify this presentation to satisfy the specific training needs of your organization. On some slides, the display text is supplemented with additional material in the slide notes.This content is licensed for modification and use in a classroom setting. You may not redistribute this material in any form.

IntroductionSlide3

Driver

Safety

Defensive Driving

Introduction

Safe Driving HabitsFollowing Distance

IntersectionsLightsAdverse ConditionsSharing the RoadSummarySlide4

$Billions

*National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2012

$Billions

Medical care, legal expenses, property damage, lost productivitySlide5

Pre-driving Practices

The Goals of Defensive Driving

Save Lives

Heighten

Awareness

PromoteCooperationIntroductionSlide6

Certain

driving activities, such as passing or backing up, entail extra hazards. In addition to following the rules of the road, drivers need to know when to show extra caution. What you need to know:AwarenessSpeed regulationSafe turning Safe passingBest practices for driving in reverseMaking a shoulder stop in an emergency

Safe Driving Habits

Part

1Slide7

Goals of Defensive Driving

Goals of Defensive Driving

Goals of Defensive Driving

Pre-driving Practices

The Three Elements of Safe Driving

Driver

ReadinessVehicleConditionDriverAttitude

Safe Driving HabitsSlide8

Watching Your Speed

Slow Down

in Poor

Conditions

Warn Other Drivers When Slowing

Safe Driving HabitsSlide9

Cannot be directly observed by the driver.

Are inherent in every vehicle, both cars and trucks.Need to be addressed before you even consider leaving your parking spot.Influenced by the vehicle’s design:Windshield pillarPillars, headrests, passengers, and cargoInfluenced by other structuresInfluenced by speed

Pre-driving Practices

Know Your Blind Spots

Safe Driving HabitsSlide10

Keep Your Eyes Moving

Plan Ahead

Be Vigilant

Monitor Mirrors

Every 5 – 7 secondsSafe Driving HabitsSlide11

Stay

in the right lane unless passing.Avoid unnecessary lane changes.Be aware of your surroundings.Follow all traffic laws and signs.Do not change lanes at rail crossings, curves, or intersections.Remember to use your turn signals.

Changing Lanes

Safe Driving HabitsSlide12

If making the pass is necessary, safe, and legal, you may proceed.

Evaluating a Pass

Is passing allowed on this section of the road?

Do conditions allow for the pass to be completed safely?

What would you lose by not passing?Are you going to cause a hazard by passing?Safe Driving HabitsSlide13

Safe passing maneuvers:

Safe Passing

55

mph

55 mphSafe Driving HabitsSlide14

Safe passing maneuvers:

Safe Passing

55

mph

55 mph110 mphSafe Driving HabitsSlide15

More Than

1 Mile

Safe Passing

Safe Driving HabitsSlide16

Check Your

Blind Spot

Safe Passing

Safe Driving HabitsSlide17

Safe Passing

Safe Driving Habits

Check Your

B

lind SpotSlide18

Safe Passing

Safe Driving HabitsSlide19

Do not pass:

In no-passing zonesIn school zonesSchool buses with “Stop” signals activatedOn roadways with solid linesWithin 100 feet of:IntersectionsTunnelsRailroad crossings

Unsafe Passing

Safe Driving HabitsSlide20

Safe Turns

To prevent rear-end

incidents when turning:

Signal at least

100 feet before your turn.Check your mirrors and blind spots. Proceed through the turn, checking traffic clearance in all of the surrounding lanes as you go.Safe Driving HabitsSlide21

When parking:

Choose a straight, level, and visible area.Decelerate as you approach.Use your turn signals or hazard signals.Once off the road:Check the vehicle’s position and pavement conditions. Stay visible.Keep five feet of clearance.Allow sufficient time and distance when merging back with traffic, and remember your turn signal.

Shoulder Stops

Only

park on road shoulders in the event of an emergency.Safe Driving HabitsSlide22

Driving in Reverse

If

you have any

doubts,

ask a passenger to get out and direct you.Do not rely solely on mirrors or backup cameras. Always turn around and look behind you.Safe Driving HabitsAlways use caution when moving in reverse. Slide23

Points to Remember

Keep your eyes moving and understand your surroundings at all times.

Keep an eye on your speed and recognize when conditions require you to slow down.

Know your blind spots and check them frequently.

Only pass or change lanes when necessary, and signal in advance of any turns, passes, or lane changes.Only stop your vehicle on the side of the road in the event of an emergency.Turn and look behind you when driving in reverse: do not rely on your mirrors.Safe Driving HabitsSlide24

An

adequate following distance gives you time to react safely and appropriately as conditions or circumstances change. What you need to know:How stopping time and distances are evaluatedWays to calculate a safe following distanceWhen extra stopping time is needed

Following Distance

Part

2Slide25

General Principles

Following Distance

Avoid bumper-to-bumper

driving.Slide26

Avoid bumper-to-bumper

driving.Scan ahead for changing traffic and road conditions, and adjust your following distance accordingly.Following Distance

General PrinciplesSlide27

Avoid bumper-to-bumper

driving.Scan ahead for changing traffic and road conditions, and adjust your following distance accordingly.Increase your following distance and decrease your speed at night, when the road is wet or icy, or when you encounter fog, dust,

smoke,

or other poor visibility conditions.

Following DistanceGeneral PrinciplesSlide28

Avoid bumper-to-bumper

driving:Scan ahead for changing traffic and road conditions, and adjust your following distance accordingly.Increase your following distance and decrease your speed at night, when the road is wet or icy, or when you encounter fog, dust,

smoke,

or other poor visibility conditions.

Following DistanceGeneral PrinciplesSlide29

Stopping Time and Distance

Perception (0.75 seconds)

The

average driver takes this long to perceive that a stop is

required. Reaction (0.75 seconds) The average driver takes this long to move their foot from the accelerator to the brake. Braking (variable) The time required to achieve a complete stop.

Following DistanceSlide30

Understand Your Stopping Distance

Observe the stopping distance for a vehicle traveling

at 20 mph.

MPH

Following DistanceSlide31

Understand Your Stopping Distance

MPH

Following Distance

Perception

The vehicle travels 22 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Slide32

Understand Your Stopping Distance

Reaction

The vehicle travels another

22 feet

while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. MPH

Following DistancePerception The vehicle travels 22 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Slide33

Understand Your Stopping Distance

Braking

The vehicle takes

40 feet

to brake.

MPHFollowing DistancePerception The vehicle travels 22 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Reaction The vehicle travels another 22 feet while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. Slide34

Understand Your Stopping Distance

40

feet

22 feet22 feet+

+=84-foot stopping distanceMPHFollowing DistanceSlide35

Understand Your Stopping Distance

MPH

Now observe the

stopping distance for a vehicle traveling at 65 mph. Following DistanceSlide36

Understand Your Stopping Distance

Perception

The vehicle travels

71

feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. MPHFollowing DistanceSlide37

Understand Your Stopping Distance

Reaction

The vehicle travels another

71

feet while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. MPHFollowing Distance

Perception The vehicle travels 71 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Slide38

Understand Your Stopping Distance

Braking

The vehicle takes another

142

feet to achieve a complete stop.

MPHFollowing DistancePerception The vehicle travels 71 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. ReactionThe vehicle travels another 71 feet while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. Slide39

Understand Your Stopping Distance

MPH

142

feet

71 feet

71 feet++=284 foot stopping distanceFollowing DistanceSlide40

Maintaining a Safe Following Distance

How do you determine

following distance

when traveling at

30 miles per hour? MPHFollowing DistanceSlide41

Maintaining a Safe Following Distance

You can use one of two

methods:

Car-length

Time MPHFollowing DistanceSlide42

The Car Length

Method

To use the

car-length

method, maintain a distance of at least 1 car-length for every 10 mph. MPHFollowing DistanceSlide43

The Car Length Method

MPH

Following Distance

To use the

car-length method, maintain a distance of at least 1 car-length for every 10 mph. Slide44

The Time Method and 3-Second Rule

To use the time method, count the seconds between the moment the vehicle in front of you passes a fixed object, such as a

traffic sign,

and the moment you pass the same object.

Following DistanceSlide45

The Time Method and 3-Second Rule

Allow a

three-second interval

between the vehicle in front of you and your car.

3 secondsFollowing DistanceSlide46

Establish a Safety Cushion

Best

practices recommend that you add a safety cushion to give you extra time to react to changes in the roadway

.

3 seconds3 secondsCushionFollowing DistanceSlide47

Establish a Safety Cushion

3 seconds

3 seconds

Stopping distance

Cushion+=

Safe following distanceCushionFollowing DistanceSlide48

Speed

Vehicle’s tires and brakesVehicle’s weightForeign materialsTexture and temperature of the roadWeather

Other Factors Affecting Stopping Time and Distance

Following DistanceSlide49

Adding Extra Stopping Time

At least one second:

In wet conditions

At night

When following a motorcycleFollowing DistanceSlide50

Adding Extra Stopping Time

Following Distance

At least one second:

In wet conditions

At nightWhen following a motorcycleAt least two seconds:If pulling a trailer Slide51

Adding Extra Stopping Time

At least four to six seconds:

If being tailgated

If driving in front of a

bus or semi Following DistanceAt least two seconds:When pulling a trailer At least one second:In wet conditionsAt nightWhen following a motorcycleSlide52

Escape Routes

Plan an escape route.

Following DistanceSlide53

Escape Routes

Stay away from groups of cars driving closely

together.

Following DistanceSlide54

Escape Routes

Give yourself time, space, and visibility.

Following DistanceSlide55

Defensive driving techniques are particularly important at intersections. In addition, you need to know how to determine right-of-way at a four-way-stop.

What you need to know:The order in which right-of-way is determined at an intersectionDefensive driving principles for navigating intersections

Intersections

Part

3Slide56

Right-of-Way

Intersections

The

vehicle that arrives at the intersection first typically

has the right-of-way.Slide57

This car

arrived at the intersection first. Therefore,

this car has right-of-way

.

Right-of-WayIntersectionsSlide58

What if two or more vehicles arrive at the intersection

at the same time?

Right-of-Way

IntersectionsSlide59

The

vehicle to the right has the right-of-way.

Right-of-Way

IntersectionsSlide60

Who has the right-of-way?

Right-of-Way

IntersectionsSlide61

The

vehicle going straight goes first.

The

vehicle turning left must yield.

Right-of-WayWho has the right-of-way?IntersectionsSlide62

Certain

individuals will always have right-of-way.

Right-of-Way

IntersectionsSlide63

Pedestrians

Vehicles already in the intersection

Right-of-Way

Certain

individuals will always

have right-of-way.IntersectionsSlide64

Safety Principles

Over the next couple of slides, we will look closely at two common traffic accident scenarios that occur at intersections and the simple safety principles that will prevent them.

1. Approach Cautiously

2. Communicate Intentions

IntersectionsSlide65

Approach Cautiously

Decision

Passing bus on right while the bus is turning into intersection

Decision

Turning left at the same timeIntersectionsSlide66

Approach Cautiously

Danger

The bus obscures

a large portion of the

intersection.DangerThe bus obscures view of oncoming traffic.IntersectionsSlide67

Approach Cautiously

CRASH!

How could you have avoided this accident?

IntersectionsSlide68

Approach Cautiously

Intersections

Slow down and be patient.

Do not attempt to pass from the parking lane or

pass a vehicle entering an intersection. Always stop at the intersection line.Assure that you are visible to other vehicles. Slide69

Approach Cautiously

Verify the absence of oncoming traffic.

If visibility is limited, approach the turn slowly and never assume that the path is clear.

IntersectionsSlide70

Communicate Intentions

Decision

Continue into intersection without slowing down and make a left turn.

Intersections

DecisionMake a left turn.Slide71

Communicate Intentions

Perception

The driver of the truck is not signaling a left turn or slowing down, and will continue moving forward at similar velocity.

IntersectionsSlide72

Communicate Intentions

CRASH!

How could you have avoided this accident?

IntersectionsSlide73

Communicate Intentions

Speed, signals, or gestures communicate your intentions to other drivers.

Intersections

Never

assume you know the intentions of other drivers.Slide74

Approach

intersections slowly.Determine right-of-way before entering the intersection.Make your intentions clear to other drivers by using your turn signals, speed, and gestures.Only proceed after verifying that the intersection is clear of other vehicles or pedestrians.

Points to Remember

IntersectionsSlide75

When driving at night, a safe use of highlights is essential. In addition, you will need to know how to manage the glare from the headlights of others.

What you need to know:The danger of overdriving headlightsDealing with high beamsThe use of brake lights in the dark

Lights

Part

4Slide76

Overdriving Your Headlights

Lights

Overdriving your headlights

occurs at speeds where

stopping distance exceeds the distance of your headlight illumination.If a pedestrian, vehicle, or wild animal is in your path, by the time you see them you will be unable to stop in time. STOPPING DISTANCESlide77

Overdriving Your Headlights

Always assure that your

stopping distance

is within the range of your headlights.

STOPPING DISTANCELightsSlide78

High Beams

If

an oncoming vehicle

is using high beams:

Slow down.Increase your following distance.Look at the right-hand white line or road edge.LightsPupils can take 4 – 7 seconds to readjust after being blinded by high beams.Slide79

If

the vehicle behind you is using high beams:Adjust the rear-view mirror.Allow the driver to pass.Lights

High BeamsSlide80

Brake Lights

When you see an obstacle coming up, warn other drivers.

When

driving on dark roads, your brake lights may be the

only visible warning of approaching danger to following vehicles.LightsSlide81

Adverse Conditions

Part

5

Adverse conditions

can affect visibility and the road surface. According to the Federal Highway Administration, about 1 in 4 accidents is weather-related, and

the NHTSA found about 3 in 4 of weather-related crashes occurred on wet pavement. What you need to know:The weather conditions that can affect your vehicleHow to avoid and handle hydroplaning situations

How to reduce glare from sunlightSlide82

Rain

SnowIce and sleetWindFog or smokeExtreme heat or cold

Extreme Weather

Adverse Conditions

Extreme weather can affect road surface conditions, visibility, and vehicle performance.Slide83

If travel is necessary, take every precaution

possible:

Stay up-to-date on local weather reports.

Double-check vehicle components:

LightsBrakesWindshield wipersTires, including spareClimate controlsRadioHandling Extreme Weather Conditions

Avoid driving in extreme weather conditions whenever possible. Use your best judgement. Adverse ConditionsSlide84

Make sure your cell phone is charged.

Keep windows clear of fog and debris.Be mindful of your vehicle’s

weight.

Make your vehicle movements slow and deliberate.

Avoid sudden acceleration and braking.Keep your lights on, but avoid using high beams.Allow for extra travel time.Handling Extreme Weather ConditionsAvoid driving in extreme weather conditions whenever possible. Use your best judgement.

Adverse ConditionsSlide85

Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions

45 mph

Adverse ConditionsSlide86

Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions

45 mph

Adverse ConditionsSlide87

Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions

45 mph

Adverse ConditionsSlide88

Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions

45 mph

Adverse ConditionsSlide89

Strong Winds

Guidelines:

For a headwind or

crosswind

, slow down and keep a firm grip on the steering wheel. For a tailwind, brake earlier because they can build a vehicle's velocity.Be prepared for blocked wind gusts when you travel:Past large vehicles, buildings, or an underpass.On the tops of hills and bridges.Adverse ConditionsSlide90

Light

fog:Slow down.Increase following distance.Be prepared for vehicles, pedestrians or animals to appear suddenly.Keep as far to the right as you can.Use your low beam headlights and wipers.Dense fog:Avoid driving.Drive slowly.Never use high beams.

Fog

Adverse ConditionsSlide91

Hydroplaning

45 mph

Over 30 feet

1/10

th of an inch or deeperFactors contributing to hydroplaning:SpeedTire tread depthSize and depth of the body of waterAdverse ConditionsSlide92

Hydroplaning

45 mph

Over 30 feet

1/10

th of an inch or deeperTo minimize your risk of hydroplaning:Reduce your speed in wet or slick conditions.Keep your tires properly inflated and assure that their treads are in good condition.Adverse ConditionsSlide93

Hydroplaning

45 mph

Over 30 feet

1/10

th of an inch or deeperIf your vehicle is hydroplaning:Slow down by easing off the accelerator—do not use your brakes.Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.Keep your tires pointed straight ahead.Avoid making sudden moves.Adverse ConditionsSlide94

Clear your vehicle of any accumulated snow:

Windows and mirrorsWipersRoofFront and rear lightsUse front and rear defrosters.Reduce speed.Increase following distance.Use your headlights

, but avoid using high beams in falling

snow.

Driving in SnowSnow can cause reduced traction and visibility.Adverse ConditionsSlide95

Expect ice when encountering:

Bridges.Overpasses.Shady areas.Ice is twice as slippery at 30˚F as at 0˚F.

Ice and Sleet

Ice and sleet conditions can totally eliminate traction.

Adverse ConditionsSlide96

When driving

in ice and sleet:Look ahead for potential problems.Watch for other drivers.Reduce speed.Increase your following distance.When you encounter ice:Ease off of the accelerator.Keep the wheel steered

in the

direction you want to go

.Ice and Sleet Adverse ConditionsSlide97

Precautions:

Reduce speed.Adjust your sun visors.Wear sunglasses.Assure that your windshield is clean.Use extra caution in the first hour after sunrise or before sunset.

Sunlight and Glare

Adverse ConditionsSlide98

In addition to being cautious of other vehicles, you need to watch for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists and take extra care to assure their safety.

What you need to know:Being aware of pedestriansPrecautions for driving near bicyclistsUnderstanding bicyclist hand signalsPrecautions for driving near motorcyclists

Sharing the Road

Part

6Slide99

Pedestrians

may disregard signals.Do not force your right-of-way. Reduce your speed.Make sure that you can be seen.Check your blind spots.

Pedestrian Traffic

Sharing the Road

Be alert for and to yield to pedestrians.Slide100

Higher-risk areas:

Expect pedestrians in urban environments. Watch for signs indicating pedestrian or school crossings. Slow down and watch for children crossing or playing. Watch for increased pedestrian areas.Watch for pedestrians at night.

Pedestrian Traffic

Sharing the RoadSlide101

Pedestrians at Risk

Pedestrians under the influence of alcohol or drugs

Children

The elderly

Studies suggest that more than half of adult pedestrian victims in vehicle accidents have measurable levels of alcohol in their blood.Sharing the RoadSlide102

Remain

alert and attentive for bicyclists at all times.Know the meaning of bicyclists’ hand signals.Reduce your speed.Be patient, especially on narrow streets or roads without designated bike lanes.

Bicycle Traffic

Sharing the RoadSlide103

Maneuvering space:

Keep three feet of clearance between your vehicle and the cyclist. Move into the next lane to pass.

Maneuvering Around Cyclists

Sharing the RoadSlide104

Maneuvering Around Cyclists

When you need to overtake a cyclist:

Be prepared to slow down.

Look for and yield to traffic in the next lane.

Do not pass within the same lane unless its width allows at least three feet between.Do not pass:

If there is oncoming traffic.If there is limited sight distance.On the crest of a hill.At an intersection.BLIND SPOTSharing the RoadSlide105

A Deadly Right Turn

Watch for riders who move between parked vehicles or between your vehicle and the curb when making a right turn.

Sharing the RoadSlide106

A Deadly Right Turn

Decision

Turn right.

Decision

Go straight through the intersection.Sharing the RoadSlide107

A Deadly Right Turn

Perception

T

he

driver of the truck is unable to see the bicyclist in his blind spot.PerceptionThe bicyclist is unaware of the intentions of the truck.Sharing the RoadSlide108

A Deadly Right Turn

Sharing the Road

CRASH!

How could you have avoided this accident?Slide109

A Deadly Right Turn

The truck

driver must

proceed

with caution and move into the intersection slowly, while monitoring blind spots. The bicyclist must assume that she is not visible to the truck driver and enter the intersection with extreme caution.Sharing the RoadNever cross this line without signaling.Slide110

Assuming

the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand signal.

Right turn

Left Turn

StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide111

Assuming the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand signal

.

Right turn

Left Turn

StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide112

Assuming the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand

signal.

Right turn

Left Turn

StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide113

Assuming the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand signal

.

Right turn

Left Turn

StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide114

Additional best practices:

Allow greater following distance.Remember to use your turn signals when turning, merging, or changing lanes.Double-check your blind spots.Watch for adverse road features:PotholesGravelRailroad crossings

Motorcycles

Sharing the Road

Take the same precautions when driving near motorcycles as you would with bicycles.Slide115

When approaching road

construction:Slow down and increase your following distance.Assume there may be construction workers and barricades.Watch for impatient drivers.Follow the speed limit.Watch for altered lane markings.Watch for changes to the road’s shape, shoulder, and surface.

Construction

Sharing the RoadSlide116

Always practice safe driving habits and remember the three elements of safe driving: driver readiness, vehicle condition, and driver attitude.

Maintain a safe following distance when driving behind other vehicles. Keep in mind that safe following distances vary depending on factors such as speed, vehicle weight, and road conditions.Determine right-of-way and make your intentions clear to other drivers before entering intersections.

Summary

When driving at night, be careful not to overdrive the visible range of your headlights.

Make sure your vehicle is prepared for adverse weather conditions before starting to drive, and recognize how the conditions may affect your driving abilities.Stay mindful of pedestrians and cyclists, especially in high-risk areas such as urban environments and school zones.