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Slide1
Driver
SafetyDefensive DrivingSlide2
DISCLAIMER
This
training material presents very important, pertinent information. It should not be assumed, however, that this program satisfies every legal requirement of every state. Some states require the training be developed and delivered by an individual with specific training and experience.
This training is AWARENESS LEVEL and does not authorize any person to perform work or validate their level of competency; it must be supplemented with operation and process-specific assessments and training, as well as management oversight, to assure that all training is understood and followed.
Your organization must do an evaluation of all exposures and applicable codes and regulations. In addition, establish proper controls, training, and protective measures to effectively control exposures and assure compliance. This program is neither a determination that the conditions and practices of your organization are safe, nor a warranty that reliance upon this program will prevent accidents and losses or satisfy local, state, or federal regulations.
How to Use this Presentation
This presentation contains base material for use in an instructor-led training setting. You may modify this presentation to satisfy the specific training needs of your organization. On some slides, the display text is supplemented with additional material in the slide notes.This content is licensed for modification and use in a classroom setting. You may not redistribute this material in any form.
IntroductionSlide3
Driver
Safety
Defensive Driving
Introduction
Safe Driving HabitsFollowing Distance
IntersectionsLightsAdverse ConditionsSharing the RoadSummarySlide4
$Billions
*National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2012
$Billions
Medical care, legal expenses, property damage, lost productivitySlide5
Pre-driving Practices
The Goals of Defensive Driving
Save Lives
Heighten
Awareness
PromoteCooperationIntroductionSlide6
Certain
driving activities, such as passing or backing up, entail extra hazards. In addition to following the rules of the road, drivers need to know when to show extra caution. What you need to know:AwarenessSpeed regulationSafe turning Safe passingBest practices for driving in reverseMaking a shoulder stop in an emergency
Safe Driving Habits
Part
1Slide7
Goals of Defensive Driving
Goals of Defensive Driving
Goals of Defensive Driving
Pre-driving Practices
The Three Elements of Safe Driving
Driver
ReadinessVehicleConditionDriverAttitude
Safe Driving HabitsSlide8
Watching Your Speed
Slow Down
in Poor
Conditions
Warn Other Drivers When Slowing
Safe Driving HabitsSlide9
Cannot be directly observed by the driver.
Are inherent in every vehicle, both cars and trucks.Need to be addressed before you even consider leaving your parking spot.Influenced by the vehicle’s design:Windshield pillarPillars, headrests, passengers, and cargoInfluenced by other structuresInfluenced by speed
Pre-driving Practices
Know Your Blind Spots
Safe Driving HabitsSlide10
Keep Your Eyes Moving
Plan Ahead
Be Vigilant
Monitor Mirrors
Every 5 – 7 secondsSafe Driving HabitsSlide11
Stay
in the right lane unless passing.Avoid unnecessary lane changes.Be aware of your surroundings.Follow all traffic laws and signs.Do not change lanes at rail crossings, curves, or intersections.Remember to use your turn signals.
Changing Lanes
Safe Driving HabitsSlide12
If making the pass is necessary, safe, and legal, you may proceed.
Evaluating a Pass
Is passing allowed on this section of the road?
Do conditions allow for the pass to be completed safely?
What would you lose by not passing?Are you going to cause a hazard by passing?Safe Driving HabitsSlide13
Safe passing maneuvers:
Safe Passing
55
mph
55 mphSafe Driving HabitsSlide14
Safe passing maneuvers:
Safe Passing
55
mph
55 mph110 mphSafe Driving HabitsSlide15
More Than
1 Mile
Safe Passing
Safe Driving HabitsSlide16
Check Your
Blind Spot
Safe Passing
Safe Driving HabitsSlide17
Safe Passing
Safe Driving Habits
Check Your
B
lind SpotSlide18
Safe Passing
Safe Driving HabitsSlide19
Do not pass:
In no-passing zonesIn school zonesSchool buses with “Stop” signals activatedOn roadways with solid linesWithin 100 feet of:IntersectionsTunnelsRailroad crossings
Unsafe Passing
Safe Driving HabitsSlide20
Safe Turns
To prevent rear-end
incidents when turning:
Signal at least
100 feet before your turn.Check your mirrors and blind spots. Proceed through the turn, checking traffic clearance in all of the surrounding lanes as you go.Safe Driving HabitsSlide21
When parking:
Choose a straight, level, and visible area.Decelerate as you approach.Use your turn signals or hazard signals.Once off the road:Check the vehicle’s position and pavement conditions. Stay visible.Keep five feet of clearance.Allow sufficient time and distance when merging back with traffic, and remember your turn signal.
Shoulder Stops
Only
park on road shoulders in the event of an emergency.Safe Driving HabitsSlide22
Driving in Reverse
If
you have any
doubts,
ask a passenger to get out and direct you.Do not rely solely on mirrors or backup cameras. Always turn around and look behind you.Safe Driving HabitsAlways use caution when moving in reverse. Slide23
Points to Remember
Keep your eyes moving and understand your surroundings at all times.
Keep an eye on your speed and recognize when conditions require you to slow down.
Know your blind spots and check them frequently.
Only pass or change lanes when necessary, and signal in advance of any turns, passes, or lane changes.Only stop your vehicle on the side of the road in the event of an emergency.Turn and look behind you when driving in reverse: do not rely on your mirrors.Safe Driving HabitsSlide24
An
adequate following distance gives you time to react safely and appropriately as conditions or circumstances change. What you need to know:How stopping time and distances are evaluatedWays to calculate a safe following distanceWhen extra stopping time is needed
Following Distance
Part
2Slide25
General Principles
Following Distance
Avoid bumper-to-bumper
driving.Slide26
Avoid bumper-to-bumper
driving.Scan ahead for changing traffic and road conditions, and adjust your following distance accordingly.Following Distance
General PrinciplesSlide27
Avoid bumper-to-bumper
driving.Scan ahead for changing traffic and road conditions, and adjust your following distance accordingly.Increase your following distance and decrease your speed at night, when the road is wet or icy, or when you encounter fog, dust,
smoke,
or other poor visibility conditions.
Following DistanceGeneral PrinciplesSlide28
Avoid bumper-to-bumper
driving:Scan ahead for changing traffic and road conditions, and adjust your following distance accordingly.Increase your following distance and decrease your speed at night, when the road is wet or icy, or when you encounter fog, dust,
smoke,
or other poor visibility conditions.
Following DistanceGeneral PrinciplesSlide29
Stopping Time and Distance
Perception (0.75 seconds)
The
average driver takes this long to perceive that a stop is
required. Reaction (0.75 seconds) The average driver takes this long to move their foot from the accelerator to the brake. Braking (variable) The time required to achieve a complete stop.
Following DistanceSlide30
Understand Your Stopping Distance
Observe the stopping distance for a vehicle traveling
at 20 mph.
MPH
Following DistanceSlide31
Understand Your Stopping Distance
MPH
Following Distance
Perception
The vehicle travels 22 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Slide32
Understand Your Stopping Distance
Reaction
The vehicle travels another
22 feet
while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. MPH
Following DistancePerception The vehicle travels 22 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Slide33
Understand Your Stopping Distance
Braking
The vehicle takes
40 feet
to brake.
MPHFollowing DistancePerception The vehicle travels 22 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Reaction The vehicle travels another 22 feet while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. Slide34
Understand Your Stopping Distance
40
feet
22 feet22 feet+
+=84-foot stopping distanceMPHFollowing DistanceSlide35
Understand Your Stopping Distance
MPH
Now observe the
stopping distance for a vehicle traveling at 65 mph. Following DistanceSlide36
Understand Your Stopping Distance
Perception
The vehicle travels
71
feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. MPHFollowing DistanceSlide37
Understand Your Stopping Distance
Reaction
The vehicle travels another
71
feet while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. MPHFollowing Distance
Perception The vehicle travels 71 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. Slide38
Understand Your Stopping Distance
Braking
The vehicle takes another
142
feet to achieve a complete stop.
MPHFollowing DistancePerception The vehicle travels 71 feet while the driver is perceiving that a stop is required. ReactionThe vehicle travels another 71 feet while the driver moves their foot from the accelerator to the brake. Slide39
Understand Your Stopping Distance
MPH
142
feet
71 feet
71 feet++=284 foot stopping distanceFollowing DistanceSlide40
Maintaining a Safe Following Distance
How do you determine
following distance
when traveling at
30 miles per hour? MPHFollowing DistanceSlide41
Maintaining a Safe Following Distance
You can use one of two
methods:
Car-length
Time MPHFollowing DistanceSlide42
The Car Length
Method
To use the
car-length
method, maintain a distance of at least 1 car-length for every 10 mph. MPHFollowing DistanceSlide43
The Car Length Method
MPH
Following Distance
To use the
car-length method, maintain a distance of at least 1 car-length for every 10 mph. Slide44
The Time Method and 3-Second Rule
To use the time method, count the seconds between the moment the vehicle in front of you passes a fixed object, such as a
traffic sign,
and the moment you pass the same object.
Following DistanceSlide45
The Time Method and 3-Second Rule
Allow a
three-second interval
between the vehicle in front of you and your car.
3 secondsFollowing DistanceSlide46
Establish a Safety Cushion
Best
practices recommend that you add a safety cushion to give you extra time to react to changes in the roadway
.
3 seconds3 secondsCushionFollowing DistanceSlide47
Establish a Safety Cushion
3 seconds
3 seconds
Stopping distance
Cushion+=
Safe following distanceCushionFollowing DistanceSlide48
Speed
Vehicle’s tires and brakesVehicle’s weightForeign materialsTexture and temperature of the roadWeather
Other Factors Affecting Stopping Time and Distance
Following DistanceSlide49
Adding Extra Stopping Time
At least one second:
In wet conditions
At night
When following a motorcycleFollowing DistanceSlide50
Adding Extra Stopping Time
Following Distance
At least one second:
In wet conditions
At nightWhen following a motorcycleAt least two seconds:If pulling a trailer Slide51
Adding Extra Stopping Time
At least four to six seconds:
If being tailgated
If driving in front of a
bus or semi Following DistanceAt least two seconds:When pulling a trailer At least one second:In wet conditionsAt nightWhen following a motorcycleSlide52
Escape Routes
Plan an escape route.
Following DistanceSlide53
Escape Routes
Stay away from groups of cars driving closely
together.
Following DistanceSlide54
Escape Routes
Give yourself time, space, and visibility.
Following DistanceSlide55
Defensive driving techniques are particularly important at intersections. In addition, you need to know how to determine right-of-way at a four-way-stop.
What you need to know:The order in which right-of-way is determined at an intersectionDefensive driving principles for navigating intersections
Intersections
Part
3Slide56
Right-of-Way
Intersections
The
vehicle that arrives at the intersection first typically
has the right-of-way.Slide57
This car
arrived at the intersection first. Therefore,
this car has right-of-way
.
Right-of-WayIntersectionsSlide58
What if two or more vehicles arrive at the intersection
at the same time?
Right-of-Way
IntersectionsSlide59
The
vehicle to the right has the right-of-way.
Right-of-Way
IntersectionsSlide60
Who has the right-of-way?
Right-of-Way
IntersectionsSlide61
The
vehicle going straight goes first.
The
vehicle turning left must yield.
Right-of-WayWho has the right-of-way?IntersectionsSlide62
Certain
individuals will always have right-of-way.
Right-of-Way
IntersectionsSlide63
Pedestrians
Vehicles already in the intersection
Right-of-Way
Certain
individuals will always
have right-of-way.IntersectionsSlide64
Safety Principles
Over the next couple of slides, we will look closely at two common traffic accident scenarios that occur at intersections and the simple safety principles that will prevent them.
1. Approach Cautiously
2. Communicate Intentions
IntersectionsSlide65
Approach Cautiously
Decision
Passing bus on right while the bus is turning into intersection
Decision
Turning left at the same timeIntersectionsSlide66
Approach Cautiously
Danger
The bus obscures
a large portion of the
intersection.DangerThe bus obscures view of oncoming traffic.IntersectionsSlide67
Approach Cautiously
CRASH!
How could you have avoided this accident?
IntersectionsSlide68
Approach Cautiously
Intersections
Slow down and be patient.
Do not attempt to pass from the parking lane or
pass a vehicle entering an intersection. Always stop at the intersection line.Assure that you are visible to other vehicles. Slide69
Approach Cautiously
Verify the absence of oncoming traffic.
If visibility is limited, approach the turn slowly and never assume that the path is clear.
IntersectionsSlide70
Communicate Intentions
Decision
Continue into intersection without slowing down and make a left turn.
Intersections
DecisionMake a left turn.Slide71
Communicate Intentions
Perception
The driver of the truck is not signaling a left turn or slowing down, and will continue moving forward at similar velocity.
IntersectionsSlide72
Communicate Intentions
CRASH!
How could you have avoided this accident?
IntersectionsSlide73
Communicate Intentions
Speed, signals, or gestures communicate your intentions to other drivers.
Intersections
Never
assume you know the intentions of other drivers.Slide74
Approach
intersections slowly.Determine right-of-way before entering the intersection.Make your intentions clear to other drivers by using your turn signals, speed, and gestures.Only proceed after verifying that the intersection is clear of other vehicles or pedestrians.
Points to Remember
IntersectionsSlide75
When driving at night, a safe use of highlights is essential. In addition, you will need to know how to manage the glare from the headlights of others.
What you need to know:The danger of overdriving headlightsDealing with high beamsThe use of brake lights in the dark
Lights
Part
4Slide76
Overdriving Your Headlights
Lights
Overdriving your headlights
occurs at speeds where
stopping distance exceeds the distance of your headlight illumination.If a pedestrian, vehicle, or wild animal is in your path, by the time you see them you will be unable to stop in time. STOPPING DISTANCESlide77
Overdriving Your Headlights
Always assure that your
stopping distance
is within the range of your headlights.
STOPPING DISTANCELightsSlide78
High Beams
If
an oncoming vehicle
is using high beams:
Slow down.Increase your following distance.Look at the right-hand white line or road edge.LightsPupils can take 4 – 7 seconds to readjust after being blinded by high beams.Slide79
If
the vehicle behind you is using high beams:Adjust the rear-view mirror.Allow the driver to pass.Lights
High BeamsSlide80
Brake Lights
When you see an obstacle coming up, warn other drivers.
When
driving on dark roads, your brake lights may be the
only visible warning of approaching danger to following vehicles.LightsSlide81
Adverse Conditions
Part
5
Adverse conditions
can affect visibility and the road surface. According to the Federal Highway Administration, about 1 in 4 accidents is weather-related, and
the NHTSA found about 3 in 4 of weather-related crashes occurred on wet pavement. What you need to know:The weather conditions that can affect your vehicleHow to avoid and handle hydroplaning situations
How to reduce glare from sunlightSlide82
Rain
SnowIce and sleetWindFog or smokeExtreme heat or cold
Extreme Weather
Adverse Conditions
Extreme weather can affect road surface conditions, visibility, and vehicle performance.Slide83
If travel is necessary, take every precaution
possible:
Stay up-to-date on local weather reports.
Double-check vehicle components:
LightsBrakesWindshield wipersTires, including spareClimate controlsRadioHandling Extreme Weather Conditions
Avoid driving in extreme weather conditions whenever possible. Use your best judgement. Adverse ConditionsSlide84
Make sure your cell phone is charged.
Keep windows clear of fog and debris.Be mindful of your vehicle’s
weight.
Make your vehicle movements slow and deliberate.
Avoid sudden acceleration and braking.Keep your lights on, but avoid using high beams.Allow for extra travel time.Handling Extreme Weather ConditionsAvoid driving in extreme weather conditions whenever possible. Use your best judgement.
Adverse ConditionsSlide85
Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions
45 mph
Adverse ConditionsSlide86
Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions
45 mph
Adverse ConditionsSlide87
Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions
45 mph
Adverse ConditionsSlide88
Braking Distance in Adverse Conditions
45 mph
Adverse ConditionsSlide89
Strong Winds
Guidelines:
For a headwind or
crosswind
, slow down and keep a firm grip on the steering wheel. For a tailwind, brake earlier because they can build a vehicle's velocity.Be prepared for blocked wind gusts when you travel:Past large vehicles, buildings, or an underpass.On the tops of hills and bridges.Adverse ConditionsSlide90
Light
fog:Slow down.Increase following distance.Be prepared for vehicles, pedestrians or animals to appear suddenly.Keep as far to the right as you can.Use your low beam headlights and wipers.Dense fog:Avoid driving.Drive slowly.Never use high beams.
Fog
Adverse ConditionsSlide91
Hydroplaning
45 mph
Over 30 feet
1/10
th of an inch or deeperFactors contributing to hydroplaning:SpeedTire tread depthSize and depth of the body of waterAdverse ConditionsSlide92
Hydroplaning
45 mph
Over 30 feet
1/10
th of an inch or deeperTo minimize your risk of hydroplaning:Reduce your speed in wet or slick conditions.Keep your tires properly inflated and assure that their treads are in good condition.Adverse ConditionsSlide93
Hydroplaning
45 mph
Over 30 feet
1/10
th of an inch or deeperIf your vehicle is hydroplaning:Slow down by easing off the accelerator—do not use your brakes.Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.Keep your tires pointed straight ahead.Avoid making sudden moves.Adverse ConditionsSlide94
Clear your vehicle of any accumulated snow:
Windows and mirrorsWipersRoofFront and rear lightsUse front and rear defrosters.Reduce speed.Increase following distance.Use your headlights
, but avoid using high beams in falling
snow.
Driving in SnowSnow can cause reduced traction and visibility.Adverse ConditionsSlide95
Expect ice when encountering:
Bridges.Overpasses.Shady areas.Ice is twice as slippery at 30˚F as at 0˚F.
Ice and Sleet
Ice and sleet conditions can totally eliminate traction.
Adverse ConditionsSlide96
When driving
in ice and sleet:Look ahead for potential problems.Watch for other drivers.Reduce speed.Increase your following distance.When you encounter ice:Ease off of the accelerator.Keep the wheel steered
in the
direction you want to go
.Ice and Sleet Adverse ConditionsSlide97
Precautions:
Reduce speed.Adjust your sun visors.Wear sunglasses.Assure that your windshield is clean.Use extra caution in the first hour after sunrise or before sunset.
Sunlight and Glare
Adverse ConditionsSlide98
In addition to being cautious of other vehicles, you need to watch for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists and take extra care to assure their safety.
What you need to know:Being aware of pedestriansPrecautions for driving near bicyclistsUnderstanding bicyclist hand signalsPrecautions for driving near motorcyclists
Sharing the Road
Part
6Slide99
Pedestrians
may disregard signals.Do not force your right-of-way. Reduce your speed.Make sure that you can be seen.Check your blind spots.
Pedestrian Traffic
Sharing the Road
Be alert for and to yield to pedestrians.Slide100
Higher-risk areas:
Expect pedestrians in urban environments. Watch for signs indicating pedestrian or school crossings. Slow down and watch for children crossing or playing. Watch for increased pedestrian areas.Watch for pedestrians at night.
Pedestrian Traffic
Sharing the RoadSlide101
Pedestrians at Risk
Pedestrians under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Children
The elderly
Studies suggest that more than half of adult pedestrian victims in vehicle accidents have measurable levels of alcohol in their blood.Sharing the RoadSlide102
Remain
alert and attentive for bicyclists at all times.Know the meaning of bicyclists’ hand signals.Reduce your speed.Be patient, especially on narrow streets or roads without designated bike lanes.
Bicycle Traffic
Sharing the RoadSlide103
Maneuvering space:
Keep three feet of clearance between your vehicle and the cyclist. Move into the next lane to pass.
Maneuvering Around Cyclists
Sharing the RoadSlide104
Maneuvering Around Cyclists
When you need to overtake a cyclist:
Be prepared to slow down.
Look for and yield to traffic in the next lane.
Do not pass within the same lane unless its width allows at least three feet between.Do not pass:
If there is oncoming traffic.If there is limited sight distance.On the crest of a hill.At an intersection.BLIND SPOTSharing the RoadSlide105
A Deadly Right Turn
Watch for riders who move between parked vehicles or between your vehicle and the curb when making a right turn.
Sharing the RoadSlide106
A Deadly Right Turn
Decision
Turn right.
Decision
Go straight through the intersection.Sharing the RoadSlide107
A Deadly Right Turn
Perception
T
he
driver of the truck is unable to see the bicyclist in his blind spot.PerceptionThe bicyclist is unaware of the intentions of the truck.Sharing the RoadSlide108
A Deadly Right Turn
Sharing the Road
CRASH!
How could you have avoided this accident?Slide109
A Deadly Right Turn
The truck
driver must
proceed
with caution and move into the intersection slowly, while monitoring blind spots. The bicyclist must assume that she is not visible to the truck driver and enter the intersection with extreme caution.Sharing the RoadNever cross this line without signaling.Slide110
Assuming
the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand signal.
Right turn
Left Turn
StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide111
Assuming the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand signal
.
Right turn
Left Turn
StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide112
Assuming the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand
signal.
Right turn
Left Turn
StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide113
Assuming the bicyclist is in front of you, select the meaning of the hand signal
.
Right turn
Left Turn
StopNone of the above Test Your Knowledge—Bicycle Hand SignalsSharing the RoadSlide114
Additional best practices:
Allow greater following distance.Remember to use your turn signals when turning, merging, or changing lanes.Double-check your blind spots.Watch for adverse road features:PotholesGravelRailroad crossings
Motorcycles
Sharing the Road
Take the same precautions when driving near motorcycles as you would with bicycles.Slide115
When approaching road
construction:Slow down and increase your following distance.Assume there may be construction workers and barricades.Watch for impatient drivers.Follow the speed limit.Watch for altered lane markings.Watch for changes to the road’s shape, shoulder, and surface.
Construction
Sharing the RoadSlide116
Always practice safe driving habits and remember the three elements of safe driving: driver readiness, vehicle condition, and driver attitude.
Maintain a safe following distance when driving behind other vehicles. Keep in mind that safe following distances vary depending on factors such as speed, vehicle weight, and road conditions.Determine right-of-way and make your intentions clear to other drivers before entering intersections.
Summary
When driving at night, be careful not to overdrive the visible range of your headlights.
Make sure your vehicle is prepared for adverse weather conditions before starting to drive, and recognize how the conditions may affect your driving abilities.Stay mindful of pedestrians and cyclists, especially in high-risk areas such as urban environments and school zones.