change 18551964 Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to Describe Urban and Rural changes ED Explain the key differences CB Judge how far conditions improved AA ID: 680010
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Slide1
LO: How did living and working conditions change 1855-1964
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-B
Judge how far conditions improved A-A
*Slide2
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
Task: Once you are in andSettled…
Fact test!You have 10 minutesSlide3
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
To what extent was there
very little improvement
In the living and working
conditions of
peasants
And
workers
in the period 1855-1964?
What were the key problems facing Russia across the time period?
How did this affect the cities and the countryside?
How far did these conditions improve over time?Slide4
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
Issues facing Russian cities. At end of 1800s only 15% urban,
While UK 80% and US 40%Only 19 cities had more than 100,000.74 towns had gas, 35 electricity.
Housing mainly wood.
First census not until 1897
1897-1914 population of cities doubled
Many had been born outside of cities.
Many public health problems develop.
St Petersburg gets sewerage 1911
11 hour days with dangerous working conditions
Wages low with employers mostly uncaring
Unskilled jobs hard to come by.
Demand for accommodation always exceeded supply
Workers often housed in out of town “barracks”.
“The brutishness of the working man’s life tended to make him difficult and explosive”
- Hans
RoggerSlide5
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
Rural PeasantsHousing huts (izbas
) remained the same throughoutOften one room heated by an oven.Usually shared beds with animals!
However families did have control
over their homes.
Staple diet was grain and rye.
Fish consumed in large quantities
Tendency towards mono-culture
(reliance on grain.)Mir was restrictive, only insisted on certain crops.Severe weather conditions proved problematic.Famines in 1855 and 1891.Slide6
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
So what were the key changes for Workers?
TsarismWorst conditions in mines, factories, iron and steel plant.Urbanisation disrupted family structures.
No factory inspectorate until 1882, too few, limited powers.
1882 employment of children under 12 banned. Difficult to
Enforce.
1896 11 hour working day, no working on Sunday.
1903 workers insurance scheme introduced.
1914 statutory holidays, 9-10 hour working day. 1917 Hyperinflation under PG, wages fell by 50%
Communist
Working conditions for proletariat worsened! Overcrowding.
RABKRIN (Workers and Peasant Inspectorate) 1920 just
A talking shop. Could not enforce any laws.
Hours of work extended and pay worsened (esp. Stalin)
“Work discipline” enforce. 10% fines and “wreckers” purged.
From 1932 12 hour days to fulfil 5 year plans. 25% live in one room.Central planning leads to unrealistic targets and disconnect. Stakhanovites had holidays to Moscow and red carpet treatment.
WW2 has impact, holiday withdrawn, working hours increase. Post WW2 25m homeless.
1958 onwards working day to 7 hours, conditions stabilise. 50% have TV and Washing
machine by 1968.
- Workers roles and rights still hierarchical like Tsarist era. Slide7
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
And what were the key changes for rural peasants?
Overall Trends- Peasantry bulk of population 90% in 1850, 70% in 1950.Living conditions broadly remain same, although regional variations.
Rising living standards for Kulaks and those who made surpluses. Nobility in decline.
Redemption payments had negative impact. Many struggled to afford to feed themselves.
Stolypin “Wager on the Strong” 1906. Streamlines farms, also aimed to reduce radicalism
.
Communist
Special housing blocks set up on the borders of collective farms.
Kulaks forced into worst housing or even tented shelters in fields.
Construction of
Agro
-towns by Khrushchev. But built poorly.
Rouble devalued in 1947 by 90%. Rations at starvation level.
1891
Poor weather and panic selling of grain Surplus to pay a new tax. 350,000 1914-18 Trade shortages due to WW1. Brest-Litovsk removed Ukraine supply.1921 Civil War and drought kills 5 million,
Lenin would not admit responsibility.
1932-34
Rural reorganisation causes famine. 5-10 million dead. Death penalty for “stealing” grain, even if it was their own!
Changes to daily life
Literacy 40% in 1914 (
Figes
)
Split between young “Stolypin
Seperators
” and old peasants.
Worker cooperatives “
Artels
” grew.
Mutual aid societies run dances and
Lectures.
-Marxist groups start to gain members.
Literacy rate in urban workers 60%,
Many read leaflets, pamphlets etc
.Slide8
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*
What were the key problems facing Russia across the time period?
How did this affect the cities and the countryside?How far did these conditions improve over time?
What conclusions can we come to?Slide9
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*Slide10
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*Slide11
LO: How did living and working
conditions change 1855-1964
Describe Urban and Rural changes E-D
Explain the key differences C-BJudge how far conditions improved A-A*