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II The ArabIsraeli Conflict Creating a Jewish State The Road to Israeli Statehood I Diaspora Diaspora a scattering of people with shared ethnicity Often associated with Jews After the failed Jewish Revolt ID: 446638

palestine jews jewish 000 jews palestine 000 jewish arab british britain state arabs plan immigration israel war 1948 ceasefire

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Slide1

Unit

II

The Arab-Israeli ConflictSlide2

Creating a Jewish State

The Road to Israeli StatehoodSlide3

I. Diaspora

Diaspora: a scattering of people with shared ethnicityOften associated with JewsAfter the failed Jewish Revolt

against Rome in 70 AD,

the Jews scattered

By 300 AD, Jews were spread throughout Europe and Middle East

They were often

expelled from their new lands

There was no Jewish stateSlide4

Diaspora in Europe (until 1497)Slide5
Slide6

II. Zionism

European Anti-Semitism led some Jews to desire a homeland Theodor Herzl was outspoken about the need for a Jewish stateDreyfus Affair (1895) revealed need for Jews to separate (French Jew falsely accused and imprisoned for treason)

Herzl

began a movement known as Zionism

Zionism

: movement for a Jewish homeland

Began

as a secular movement Palestine became

the goal

for a Jewish State

Ottomans refused to secede Palestine

Theodor HerzlSlide7

Herzl addresses Second Zionist Counsel

Britain offered Uganda as a homeZionists declined because they feared losing the support of religious JewsSome Jews began immigrating to Palestine

Bought land from absentee landlordsSlide8

Purchasing land that would become Tel AvivSlide9

III. World War I

Britain promised Arab independence to all of Middle East in exchange for Arab assistance against the Ottoman EmpireBritain also wanted the support of world Jewry Many Jews favored Germany (British enemy) because they viewed Russia (British ally) as

a historic enemy

Balfour Declaration

(1917):

announced Britain’s intention to create a home for Jews in Palestine

Britain hoped Jews in Russia and USA would press their governments to stay/enter WWI

5 days later Bolsheviks

(Communists) took over Russia and withdrew from warSlide10

Posing with Arab flag after WWISlide11

IV. British Mandate for Palestine

Both Jews and Arabs felt betrayed when the Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) became public

Established British and French mandates

Faisal-Weizmann Agreement

(1919):

Arabs and Zionists mutually agreed to Jewish immigration while protecting the rights of Arabs

Muslim holy places would remain under Muslim

control

Agreement only lasted a few months

Britain was mandated to administer Palestine until it was ready for statehood

Emir Faisal with

Chaim

WeizmannSlide12

State of Palestine Proposed by Zionists at Paris Peace Conference 1919Slide13

Britain’s immigration policies in Palestine favored

JewsNuremberg Race Laws in Germany (1935) led to over 100,000 Jewish immigrants Palestinians thought they were suffering for Europe’s problemsPalestinians responded with revolts

Year

Muslims

Jews

Christians

Others

1922

486,177 (74%)

83,790 (13%)

71,464 (11%)

7,617 (1%)

1931

493,147 (64%)

174,606 (23%)

88,907 (11%)

10,101 (1%)

1941

906,551 (60%)

474,102 (31%)

125,413 (8%)

12,881 (1%)

1946

1,076,783 (58%)

608,225 (33%)

145,063 (8%)

15,488 (1%)

Population of Palestine by religions Slide14

V. Arab Revolt of 1936-1939

Palestinians wanted an independent state and an end to Jewish immigrationStrikes and protests began against British, but soon attacks on Jews were frequentJews formed defense organizations

Haganah

: largest defense organization that tried to protect Jews through arms

It would

become

the core of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

Irgun: more militant group that retaliated against attacks on Jews

Labeled a terrorist group by

Britain and later IsraelSlide15

Ceasefire declared in 1937 while Britain sponsored the Peel Commission

Peel Commission suggested a partitioning of Palestine into two statesArabs rejected partitioning – would have relocated 225,000 Arabs and only 1250 JewsFighting resumed, but would sputter out by the end of 1939Slide16

Peel CommissionSlide17

Jewish bus with protective fencing

Irgun’s Symbol

An Arab militiaSlide18

VI. World War II

Britain’s policies began to favor Palestinians in WWIIBritain feared that Arab unrest would jeopardize oil interests in regionBritain released White Paper of 1939

1. Creation of a State of Palestine within 10

years governed by Jews and Arabs

No separate Jewish state

2. Limited Jewish immigration

10,000

per year3. Limited land sales

Only 5% of land was available to Jews

White Paper

infuriated the

ZionistsSlide19

Nazism encouraged immigration

But the British wouldn’t increase quotasAt WWII’s end, Jews turned their forces against BritainIrgun assassinated the British Minister of State of Middle East (in Cairo)Pushed Churchill against Zionists

Haganah

captured and handed over

members of

Irgun

After WWII,

there were over 250,000

displaced

Jews

and hundreds of thousands of refugees

Britain still refused to increase annual

quota. Led to illegal immigration.

Irgun

bombed British owned King David Hotel in 1946

91

killed

Future Prime Minister

Menachem

Begin

helped plan attack

King David HotelSlide20

VII. Britain Withdraws

Britain had little strength or desire to stay in PalestineWeakened from WWIIJews received training in British armyIrgun had worsened British relationship with Jews President Truman supported additional 100,000 Jewish immigrants and a binational

federation of Palestine

Britain announced

plans to evacuate

Palestine in 1948Slide21

VIII. 1947 UN Partition Plan

United Nations was charged with finding a solution for PalestineUN Plan called for the partitioning of Palestine into 2 statesJerusalem would be an international zone under UN authority

Britain’s mandate would expire on May 15, 1948

Jews overwhelmingly accepted the U.N.’s plan

Although they wanted Jerusalem

Arabs rejected the plan

UN General

Assembly voted in favor 33 to 13 and approved the planSlide22

Votes for UN Partition Plan

Green: voted in favorYellow: abstainedRed: voted againstSlide23
Slide24

Populations from 1945 data

Territory

Arab and other population

 % Arab and other

Jewish population

 % Jewish

Total population

Arab State

725,000

99%

10,000

1%

735,000

Jewish State

407,000

45%

498,000

55%

905,000

International

105,000

51%

100,000

49%

205,000

Total

1,237,000

67%

608,000

33%

1,845,000

Data from the

Report of UNSCOP — 1947Slide25

IX. Civil War

A civil war began between Jews and Arabs after the UN passed the Partition Plan Haganah reorganizedGrew to 30,000+ membersNeighboring Arab states stayed out

They feared the presence of the British army

Some “volunteers” crossed into Palestine

Jews were on

the offensive

They seized some land from the U.N.’s Arab Palestine

Deir

Yass

i

n

Massacre enraged Arabs when Jews killed over 100

Arab civilians (by

Irgun)

Over 300,000 Palestinians would flee Palestine

This was the first wave of Palestinian refugees

Golda Meir

(future PM) secretly

met with King

Abdullah (Jordan)

Jordan agreed to seize Arab Palestine, but not encroach upon Jewish Palestine

Jews declared Independence of

Israel on

May 14, 1948Slide26
Slide27

Jewish FightersSlide28

Arab FightersSlide29

Palestinian RefugeesSlide30

Golda Meir King AbdullahSlide31

X. Independence: May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion became the first Prime Minister of IsraelUSA recognized the State of Israel 11 minutes after the announcementWar would commence just days after the announcement

David Ben-GurionSlide32

David Ben-Gurion declares Israeli independenceSlide33
Slide34

XI. 1948 War for Independence

Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan sent troops against IsraelProblems for Arabs:1. No central command

2. No stated goals

3. Not fully committed

Ceasefire signed with each country

in early

1949

No Arab country made peace with IsraelThe ceasefire lines would hold until 1967 Slide35

Israel after the ceasefire

Notice: who made this map?Slide36

Compared to the

Partition PlanSlide37

Egypt occupied Gaza Strip

Jordan annexed West Bank and East JerusalemKing Abdullah was assassinated (1951)The ceasefire borders become known as the “Green Line”