UNIT 3: CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY - PowerPoint Presentation

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UNIT 3: CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Ethnic Segregation and Conflict

Session

12

LEARNING TARGETS

Define

ethnocentrism

Discuss

de facto segregation

Define

de jure segregationExplain ethnic conflict duringIdentify causes of ethnic conflictDefine ethnic-cleansingDiscuss ethnic conflict in the former YugoslaviaExplain the ethnic conflict in RwandaIdentify global ethnic conflict

SESSION 12Ethnic Segregation and Conflict

Ethnic groups usually have ties to a particular homeland that can lead to outbreaks of violence if a group feels threatened they may lose their land or have to share it with another group

Ethnicity is strongest tie for local diversity against globalization. Even if globalization engulfs religion and language, ethnicity will likely remain

Ethnocentrism

: one’s conviction of ethnic superiority (like racism for an ethnic group

) can occur in countries and regions where ethnic diversity is high

Ethnocentrism is often the direct cause of segregation and ethnic violence

EthnocentrismSession12

De Facto Segregation:

Segregation that occurs naturally due to the desire for groups to stay in ethnically homogenous communities also defined as ethnic

clustering or ethnic enclavesEthnic enclave:

Voluntary residential segregation based on ethnicity (i.e. ethnic neighborhoods)Hispanic barriosChina town

Little

HavanaLittle ItalyDe Facto segregation can happen on various scales:

Regional Segregation in U.S.African Americans in SE and citiesHispanics in SWAsian Am in west (Hawaii, CA)American Indians in SW and plainsLocal Segregation in U.S. (within cities)African Americans highly clustered in cities (¼ of all Americans live in cities, but ½ of all African Americans live in cities)Chicago is 1/3 African-American…Illinois 1/12 African-AmericanDetroit is 4/5 African-American…Michigan 1/14 African-American

Forms of SegregationSession12

De

Jure Segregation:

Legalized and enforced separation of ethnic groups (usually minorities) often highly discriminatory and fueled by racism/ethnocentrism.Jim

Crow Era in American history established by Plessy v. Ferguson that established separate but equal in the South which supported segregation until the Brown v. BOE decision in 1954Nazi “ghettos”

set up before and during World War II which required the Jews and other ethnic groups be confined to specific neighborhoods and wear special identification.

Apartheid in South Africa where the African population faced various restrictions from the white minority government including residential segregation and prohibition from voting and inter-marriage eventually ending with the election of Nelson Mandela in 1994.De Jure segregation still exists but in minor cases globally

Forms of Segregation

Session12

Check for

Understanding: Student Discussion

Ethnic conflict has been occurring amongst groups for thousands of year beginning in pre-historic civilizations

In recorded history, large empires have been able to control a number of different ethnic groups within its boundaries with varying levels of success

The World Wars were directly caused by highly militarized nations fighting for superiority with a focus on destroying their ethnic rivals

The Nazis accentuated the idea of ethnocentrism and ethnic cleansingHitler targeted any number of ethnic groups including Jews, Poles, Slavs, etc.Japan similarly committed atrocities against the Chinese as well as the Koreans

History of Ethnic Conflict

Session

12

The last 25 years

has seen

a resurgence of ethnic violence especially with the conclusion of the Cold War and the collapse of Communism as well as the Arab Spring

What leads to Ethnic Conflict?Nationalism and competition amongst groupsUnrepresented ethnic groups within a country being oppressedFormation of new states after the break-up of another

Yugoslavia, USSR, Czechoslovakia (example of a peaceful resolution)

Border disputesOver 90% of world’s countries contain more than one ethnicity and all countries share borders with other ethnicities.

Many otherwise cohesive ethnic groups have been artificially divided by political boundaries Scramble for Africa imposed boundaries across ethnic/tribal groups who were not hostile with one another until they were placed in the same state.

Causes of Ethnic ConflictSession12

Causes of Ethnic Conflict

Session

12

In

worst cases ethnic conflict can lead to

ethnic cleansing – process by which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes less powerful ethnic group in order to create ethnic homogeneity.

Can be achieved by…Forced migration

- push out, burn homes, destroy towns

Genocide: premeditated effort to kill all from certain ethnic group (Holocaust)Sub Sahara Africa and Balkans especially plagued with ethnic violence have been the sites of the most recent occurrences of ethnic cleansing and acts genocide

Bosnia, Rwanda and Darfur Ethnic Cleansing

Session12

Ethnic composition of Yugoslavia in 1981

Serbs 36.3%Croats 19.7%Bosniak-Muslims 8.9

%Slovenes 7.8%Albanian-Kosovars 7.7%

Macedonians 6.0%Yugoslavs 5.4%Montenegrins 2.6%Hungarians 1.9

%

Roma (Gypsies) 0.7%Turks 0.5%Slovaks 0.4%Romanians 0.2%Bulgarians 0.2%Italians 0.1%Other 1.7

%Why was Yugoslavia a bad idea?

Ethnic Violence: YugoslaviaSession12

Formation:

In 1918 following the end of WWI, Yugoslavia was founded which included seven distinct ethnic groups…

Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks, and

Kosovars (Albanians) as well as a number of other ethnic groups)within its boundaries

Belgrade (in Serbia) is made the capital…significance?

Differences also existed in language and alphabet, and religionEarly Ethnic Conflict: During the Second World War, the Nazis conquered the country splintering it, with some aiding the Axis (Croatia) and others the Allies (Serbia led by Josip Tito)

Croats helped Nazi Germans round up and kill Serbs during WW IICold War Stability: Under the leadership of its dictator Josip Tito ethnic animosities were subdued, forged Yugoslav identity and virtually held Yugoslavia together for several decadesPost-Tito: Tito dies in 1980, but Serb dominated Yugoslavia is still united by Communism until its collapse in 1991 when the country began to become politically unstable and ethnically volatile.

Ethnic Violence: YugoslaviaSession12

First Fragmentation

:

In 1991, Slovenia

departed Yugoslavia first with little violence due to its primarily homogenous population. Macedonia has similar results due

to a lack of a Serbian population and

UN presenceEthnic Hostilities Begin: Also in 1991, Croatia declared independence this time

sparking war with the Yugoslavian government due to the Serbian population living within its borders. A brutal war between the two sides will last 4 years and lead to the deaths of 20,000 soldiers and civilians.Ethnic Warfare in Bosnia: When Muslim Bosniaks declared their independence in 1992 it became the focal point of ethnic strife due to its diverse population.40% Muslim, 32% Serb, 18% Croat – Bosnian-Serbs and Bosnian-Croats want to join with Croatia and Serbia. To strengthen claim, ethnically cleanse Bosnian Muslims.

Ethnic Violence: YugoslaviaSession12

Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia

Session

12

Ethnic Violence in Bosnia:

Both Serbs and Croats were guilty of various atrocities during the war in Bosnia, but forms “ethnic cleansing” and acts of genocide were perpetrated mainly by the Serbs.

Most notably the massacre of 8,000 Bosniak

men and boys outside the town of SrebrenicaEnding the War: UN presence and NATO airstrikes finally brought the conflict to an end with the Dayton Agreement in 1995.

Ethnic Conflict in Kosovo:

In 1998 the southern province of Serbia and Montenegro was 90% Albanian. When ethnic Albanians declared independence, Serbs use ethnic cleansing to push them off land into the nation of Albania. US and NATO bombed Serbia and forced Serbia to withdraw from Kosovo.

Ethnic Violence: Yugoslavia

Session12

Casualties of War:

An

estimated 100,000 were killed in violence the majority in which 68,000 were ethnic Bosniaks and of that nearly 26,000 were civilians

Territorial Results: Bosnia-Herzegovina gained its independence but remained fragmented ethnically and politicallyBosnian Serbs = 33% pop got 50% country

Bosnian Croats = 18% pop got 25%country

Bosnian Muslims = 44% pop got 27% countryOutcomes of the War: Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was arrested in 2001 and many Serbian generals are

charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court Milosevic dies of a heart attack while awaiting trial at the HagueBalkanization has become the term used to mean the breakdown of a state through ethnic conflict

Ethnic Violence: YugoslaviaSession12

Video: Ghosts of Rwanda

We will watch the documentary “Ghosts of Rwanda”

Students will fill in their video guide: 10 points(Those who miss this will be required to watch it at home through Loudoun Vision)

Ethnic Conflicts

Session

12

Activity: Global Ethnic Conflicts

Using the reading, identify and define various ethnic conflicts and fill out the graphic organizer provided

Ethnic Conflicts

Session

12

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TEST: UNIT 3