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Chapter  18 Genomes and Their Evolution Chapter  18 Genomes and Their Evolution

Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 18 Genomes and Their Evolution - PPT Presentation

What you need to know The major goals of the Human Genome Project How prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes Applications of bioinformatics to medicine evolution and health The activity and role of transposable elements and ID: 779023

genome genes evolution genomes genes genome genomes evolution dna amp gene human homeotic elements copies transposable repetitive transposons bacteria

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Chapter

18

Genomes and Their Evolution

Slide2

What you need to know:

The major goals of the Human Genome Project.

How

prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes

.

Applications of bioinformatics to medicine, evolution, and health.

The activity and role of transposable elements and

retrotransposons in generating genetic diversity.

How

evo-devo

relates to our understanding of the evolution of genomes.

The role of homeotic genes and

homeoboxes

in developmental patterns and sequences.

Slide3

Bioinformatics

Use of computers, software, and math models to process and integrate data from sequencing projects

Proteomics

= Analyzing

protein

interactions

Genomics

:

study

whole sets of genes and their interactions

Slide4

Human Genome Project

Purpose

: to sequence the entire human genome

Completed in 2003

Genomes sequenced thus far*:

129,936

prokaryotes,

5102

eukaryotes,

14,004

viruses

*

NCBI database

as of

1/23/18

Slide5

Human Genome Project

Whole-genome shotgun approach

to sequencing

Slide6

Comparing Genomes of Bacteria, Archaea

, & Eukaryotes

Slide7

Comparing Genomes

Bacteria & Archaea have fewer genes than eukaryotesNo correlation between complexity of organism and # of genes

Slide8

Human DNA

3 billion base pairs

~20,000 genes

Only

1.5%

codes for proteins (or RNA)

Mostly

Repetitive DNA

: sequences present in multiple copies

Slide9

Transposable Elements

Make up 75% of repetitive DNA

Stretches of DNA that can be moved from one location to another in genome

Discovered by Barbara McClintock – corn breeding experiments

2 Types:

Transposons

Retrotransposons

Slide10

Transposons

Moves within genome via DNA intermediate

cut & paste

or

copy & paste

mechanisms

Requires enzyme

transposase

Slide11

Retrotransposons

Move by means of RNA intermediate

Leaves copy at original site

Involves enzyme

reverse transcriptase

Slide12

Other Repetitive DNA

Short Tandem Repeat (STR)Repeating units of 2-5 nucleotides# of copies varies from site to siteRepeats vary from person to person

unique set of genetics markers

Genetic profiles

created by STR analysis

Slide13

Genome Evolution

Insertion effects of

transposons

:

Can interrupt or alter gene function

Multiple copies of genes

Duplication

genes with related functions

Genes diverge by accumulating mutations

Some become nonfunctional

pseudogenes

Eventually, new genes with new functions can occur

Slide14

Multigene Families

Collections of 2 or more identical or very similar genes

Eg

. hemoglobin:

-globin and

-

globin gene families

Slide15

Slide16

Transpositions

C

hromosomal

R

earrangements

Slide17

Transposable elements contribute to evolution

Promote recombination, disrupt genes or control elements, & carry genes to new locations

May be harmful or lethal, but can also have small beneficial effects

Provides raw material for natural selection

Slide18

HHMI Short Film:

The Birth & Death of Genes

Slide19

Illustrative Example:

Antifreeze Gene in Fish

Antifreeze proteins (AFP):

produced by vertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria to aid survival in sub-zero environments

Function

: bind to ice crystals and prevent growth

Antarctic fish

: old protein gene transformed into a new gene with new structure/function

Gene mutates

duplicated

 divergent evolution

Slide20

Evolutionary Development

(

Evo-Devo

)

Compare

developmental processes to understand how changes can lead to evolution of organisms

Slide21

Video Clip:

What are SNPs?

Slide22

Homeotic Genes

: master regulatory genes

Codes for transcription factors

Control

placement and spatial organization of body parts by controlling developmental fate of groups of cells

Homeobox

:

widely conserved

180-nucleotide sequence within homeotic (

Hox

) genes

Found in many groups (fungi, animals, plants) with very few differences

Hints at relatedness between all life forms

Slide23

Conservation of homeotic genes