There are by one language from an other language the only real Cf Campbell 1989 Thomason 2001Overview345The Contact LanguagesOverview62 The Contact Languages3 The Data Overview4 Testing the Hypotheses ID: 865427
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1 Dik Bakker, Amsterdam There are by one l
Dik Bakker, Amsterdam There are by one language from an other languag
2 e, the only real Cf. Campbell 1989, Thom
e, the only real Cf. Campbell 1989, Thomason 2001 Overview3 4 5The Co
3 ntact LanguagesOverview 62. The Contact
ntact LanguagesOverview 62. The Contact Languages3. The Data Overview
4 4. Testing the Hypotheses 4. Testing th
4. Testing the Hypotheses 4. Testing the Hypotheses 1. Hypotheses &
5 Method 10Hypotheses on Borrowing10 H1. A
Method 10Hypotheses on Borrowing10 H1. Anything goes: pragmatic motiv
6 ationusefulfrequentmarkedtransparent H1.
ationusefulfrequentmarkedtransparent H1. Anything goes: pragmatic mot
7 ivation-useful-frequent/ marked / tran
ivation-useful-frequent/ marked / transparent enoughH2. But: constr
8 aints-Grammar source&#x 000;ammar target
aints-Grammar source&#x 000;ammar target 13 One source One source co
9 nstant factor M1. One source language (=
nstant factor M1. One source language (=constant factorTypologically
10 different target M1. One source languag
different target M1. One source language (=constant factorTypologica
11 lly different target variation M1. One s
lly different target variation M1. One source language (=constant fac
12 torM2. Typologically different target la
torM2. Typologically different target languages (=variationM3. Per ta
13 rget: M1. One source language (=constan
rget: M1. One source language (=constant factorM2. Typologically dif
14 ferent target languages (=variationM3. P
ferent target languages (=variationM3. Per target: M1. One source la
15 nguage (=constant factorM2. Typologicall
nguage (=constant factorM2. Typologically different target languages
16 (=variationM3. Per target: 2 dialects (=
(=variationM3. Per target: 2 dialects (=M4. Targets socio-culturally
17 close M1. One source language (=constant
close M1. One source language (=constant factorM2. Typologically diff
18 erent target languages (=variationM3. Pe
erent target languages (=variationM3. Per target: 2 dialects (=M4. Ta
19 rgets socio-culturally close comparabili
rgets socio-culturally close comparability M1. One source language (=
20 constant factorM2. Typologically differe
constant factorM2. Typologically different target languages (=variati
21 onM3. Per target: 2 dialects (=M4. Targe
onM3. Per target: 2 dialects (=M4. Targets socio-culturally close (=c
22 omparabilitySpoken data from broadgroup
omparabilitySpoken data from broadgroup M1. One source language (=co
23 nstant factorM2. Typologically different
nstant factorM2. Typologically different target languages (=variation
24 M3. Per target: 2 dialects (=M4. Targets
M3. Per target: 2 dialects (=M4. Targets socio-culturally close (=com
25 parabilitySpokendatafrom broadgroup (=re
parabilitySpokendatafrom broadgroup (=representativeness 2. The Conta
26 ct Languages2424 25Target languages25 Ot
ct Languages2424 25Target languages25 Oto-Mangue(175 lgs) 27 OtomiOto
27 -Mangue(175 lgs)Andean(45 dial/lgs) 29
-Mangue(175 lgs)Andean(45 dial/lgs) 29 Oto-Mangue(175 lgs)QuechuaAnd
28 ean(45 dial/lgs) GuaraniTupi(75 lgs) 31
ean(45 dial/lgs) GuaraniTupi(75 lgs) 31 Guarani 32 33 34 Language Typ
29 es Language Types Parameter Language Typ
es Language Types Parameter Language Types Word Order Language Types
30 Word Order Language Types Word Order Lan
Word Order Language Types Word Order Language Types Word Order Langua
31 ge Types Word Order Language Types Word
ge Types Word Order Language Types Word Order Language Types Word Ord
32 erIndefDef V / N / AV Language Types SPA
erIndefDef V / N / AV Language Types SPANISHOTOMIWord OrderSVOSVOInde
33 fDef V / N / AV Language Types SPANISHOT
fDef V / N / AV Language Types SPANISHOTOMIGUARANIWord OrderSVOSVOPos
34 tPostIndefDef V / N / AVV / N / AV / N /
tPostIndefDef V / N / AVV / N / AV / N / A 3. The Data4646 47Data rec
35 orded (spoken)47 48Data recordedQuechua
orded (spoken)47 48Data recordedQuechua Respondents:Tokens: Guaraní R
36 espondents:Tokens: Guaraní Respondents:T
espondents:Tokens: Guaraní Respondents:Tokens: 4. Testing the Hypothe
37 ses5151 Borrowing:overall (tokens) Borro
ses5151 Borrowing:overall (tokens) Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua
38 Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua Borr
Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechu
39 a Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua Bor
a Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quech
40 ua Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua ~
ua Borrowing:overall (tokens) Quechua ~ same for dialects Borrowing:o
41 verall (tokens) Quechua Corresponds to c
verall (tokens) Quechua Corresponds to contact history 60Borrowing: s
42 pecific60 61Borrowing (tokens) PoSQUEOTO
pecific60 61Borrowing (tokens) PoSQUEOTO(N,V,A)81%73%48%(rest)19%27%5
43 2%TOT100%100%100% 62 PoSQUEOTO(N,V,A)81%
2%TOT100%100%100% 62 PoSQUEOTO(N,V,A)81%73%19%27%52%TOT100%100%100% 6
44 3 PoSQUEOTO(N,V,A)81%73%48%(rest)19%27%T
3 PoSQUEOTO(N,V,A)81%73%48%(rest)19%27%TOT100%100%100% 64 PoSQUEOTO(N
45 ,V,A)81%73%48%(rest)19%27%TOT100%100%100
,V,A)81%73%48%(rest)19%27%TOT100%100%100% ~ same for dialects 65 PoSQ
46 UEOTO 66Stage 1: mainly lexical types/to
UEOTO 66Stage 1: mainly lexical types/tokens66 PoSQUEOTO Stage 1: mai
47 nly lexical PoSQUEOTO 68 OTO81%73%19%27
nly lexical PoSQUEOTO 68 OTO81%73%19%27%Stage 1: mainly lexicalStage
48 2: more grammatical 69 OTOStage 1: main
2: more grammatical 69 OTOStage 1: mainly lexical Stage 2: more gram
49 maticalStage 3: maximum grammatical 70 O
maticalStage 3: maximum grammatical 70 OTO73%48%27%52%Stage 1: mainly
50 lexicalStage 2: more grammaticalStage 3
lexicalStage 2: more grammaticalStage 3: maximum grammaticalStage 4:
51 more lexical 71 OTO81%73%48%19%27%52%S
more lexical 71 OTO81%73%48%19%27%52%Stage 1: mainly lexicalStage 2
52 : more grammaticalStage 3: max. grammati
: more grammaticalStage 3: max. grammaticalStage 4: more lexicalStage
53 5: still more lexical Continuum (?) 72
5: still more lexical Continuum (?) 72 OTO81%73%19%27%Stage 1: main
54 ly lexical Stage 4: more lexicalStage 5:
ly lexical Stage 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more lexical dependent
55 onlanguage pair! 73 OTO81%73%19%27%Stag
onlanguage pair! 73 OTO81%73%19%27%Stage 1: mainly lexical typesStag
56 e 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more lex
e 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more lexical Dependent onLanguage pai
57 r! + 3.3 %Percentage 74 OTO81%73%19%27%S
r! + 3.3 %Percentage 74 OTO81%73%19%27%Stage 1: mainly lexical typesS
58 tage 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more
tage 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more lexical Dependent onLanguage
59 pair! Percentage + 3.3 % -25 % 75 OTO81%
pair! Percentage + 3.3 % -25 % 75 OTO81%73%19%27%Stage 1: mainly lexi
60 cal typesStage 4: more lexicalStage 5: s
cal typesStage 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more lexical Dependent o
61 nLanguage pair! Percentage + 1.5 % 76 OT
nLanguage pair! Percentage + 1.5 % 76 OTO81%73%19%27%Stage 1: mainly
62 lexical typesStage 4: more lexicalStage
lexical typesStage 4: more lexicalStage 5: still more lexical Depende
63 nt onLanguage pair! Percentage + 1.5 % -
nt onLanguage pair! Percentage + 1.5 % -8 % Major parts of speech (N,
64 V, A) 78Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUA
V, A) 78Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTONOUN55%43%42%VERB18%21%5%A
65 DJ9%9%2%TOT81%73%49% 79Major parts of sp
DJ9%9%2%TOT81%73%49% 79Major parts of speech PoSQUEOTONOUN68%59%86%VE
66 RB22%29%10%ADJ11%12%4%TOT100%100%100% 80
RB22%29%10%ADJ11%12%4%TOT100%100%100% 80Major parts of speech PoSQUEG
67 UAOTO68%59%TOT100%100%100% 81Major parts
UAOTO68%59%TOT100%100%100% 81Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTO68%59%
68 TOT100%100%100%Shortest contactN most op
TOT100%100%100%Shortest contactN most open classConcrete meaning 81 8
69 2Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTONOUN6
2Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTONOUN68%59%86%TOT100%100%100% (= Sp
70 a) 83Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTON
a) 83Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTONOUN68%59%86%VERB22%29%10%11%1
71 2%TOT100%100%100% 84Major parts of speec
2%TOT100%100%100% 84Major parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTONOUN68%59%86%VE
72 RB22%29%10%11%12%TOT100%100%100% /A-/A 8
RB22%29%10%11%12%TOT100%100%100% /A-/A 85Major parts of speech PoSQUE
73 GUAOTONOUN68%59%86%VERB22%29%10%11%12%TO
GUAOTONOUN68%59%86%VERB22%29%10%11%12%TOT100%100%100% /A-/A-/- 1. Maj
74 or parts of speech (N, V, A) 87Minor par
or parts of speech (N, V, A) 87Minor parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTOTOT1
75 6.0%34.7%48.1% 88Minor parts of speech P
6.0%34.7%48.1% 88Minor parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTO0.5%0.5%TOT16.0%34
76 .7%48.1% 89Minor parts of speech PoSQUEG
.7%48.1% 89Minor parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTO0.5%0.5%TOT16.0%34.7%48.
77 1% 90Spanish prepositions Total: parafo
1% 90Spanish prepositions Total: paraforbybeforea través de 92
78 RANKFORMFREQ1DE(L)13558152EN5161563A(L)
RANKFORMFREQ1DE(L)13558152EN5161563A(L)4456644POR1801665CON1708466PA
79 RA1196327ENTRE332068SOBRE277049HASTA2631
RA1196327ENTRE332068SOBRE277049HASTA2631310SIN2593511DESDE2548630DELA
80 NTE DE592* Davies, Mark. (2002-) Corpus
NTE DE592* Davies, Mark. (2002-) Corpus del Español: 100 million word
81 s. at http://www.corpusdelespanol.org [S
s. at http://www.corpusdelespanol.org [Spoken, 20 93 RANKFORMFREQRANK
82 1DE(L)135581512EN51615663A(L)44566474POR
1DE(L)135581512EN51615663A(L)44566474POR180166155CON170846176PARA1196
83 32207ENTRE33206488SOBRE27704499HASTA2631
32207ENTRE33206488SOBRE27704499HASTA263135110SIN259356111DESDE2548665
84 30DELANTE DE592 TOP 100 94 RANKFORMFREQR
30DELANTE DE592 TOP 100 94 RANKFORMFREQRANK1DE(L)135581512EN51615663A
85 (L)44566474POR180166155CON170846176PARA1
(L)44566474POR180166155CON170846176PARA119632207ENTRE33206488SOBRE277
86 04499HASTA263135110SIN259356111DESDE2548
04499HASTA263135110SIN259356111DESDE2548665 95 RANKFORMFREQRANK1DE(L)
87 135581512EN51615663A(L)44566474POR180166
135581512EN51615663A(L)44566474POR180166155CON170846176PARA119632207E
88 NTRE33206488SOBRE27704499HASTA263135110S
NTRE33206488SOBRE27704499HASTA263135110SIN259356111DESDE2548665 96 RA
89 NKFORMFREQRANK1DE(L)135581512EN51615663A
NKFORMFREQRANK1DE(L)135581512EN51615663A(L)44566474POR180166155CON170
90 846176PARA119632207ENTRE33206488SOBRE277
846176PARA119632207ENTRE33206488SOBRE27704499HASTA263135110SIN2593561
91 11DESDE2548665 1 : 4 97Quechua: Prep fro
11DESDE2548665 1 : 4 97Quechua: Prep from Spanish 98 99Quechua (token
92 s in corpus) 100 101 102Guarani: Prep fr
s in corpus) 100 101 102Guarani: Prep from Spanish 103 104Guarani (to
93 kens in corpus) 105 106 107Otomi: Prep f
kens in corpus) 105 106 107Otomi: Prep from Spanish 108Otomi (tokens
94 in corpus) 109 110 111 types present 112
in corpus) 109 110 111 types present 112 types presenttypes by all in
95 formants 113 types presenttypes by all i
formants 113 types presenttypes by all informantstypes� infor
96 mants 114 types in overall frequency tab
mants 114 types in overall frequency table,more frequentvery common O
97 tomi words 115Minor parts of speech PoSQ
tomi words 115Minor parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTOTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 11
98 6Minor parts of speech GUAOTOTOT16.0%34.
6Minor parts of speech GUAOTOTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Postpositions (=case
99 markers) Borrowing Minor parts of speec
markers) Borrowing Minor parts of speech 118Minor parts of speech GU
100 AOTOTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Use of loans: -A
AOTOTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Use of loans: -Adverbial-Postnominal 119Minor
101 parts of speech OTOTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% G
parts of speech OTOTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Guaraní: Postpositions (suffix
102 /enclitic) Minor parts of speech 121Mino
/enclitic) Minor parts of speech 121Minor parts of speech OTOTOT16.0%
103 34.7%48.1% Use of loans: -Adverbial-Pre
34.7%48.1% Use of loans: -Adverbial-Pre/Postnominal 122Minor parts o
104 f speech QUEGUAOTO0.5%0.5%TOT16.0%34.7%4
f speech QUEGUAOTO0.5%0.5%TOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Prepositional (few) 123M
105 inor parts of speech QUEGUAOTO0.5%0.5%TO
inor parts of speech QUEGUAOTO0.5%0.5%TOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Prepositiona
106 l (few)Use: Adpositional 124Minor parts
l (few)Use: Adpositional 124Minor parts of speech PoSQUEGUAOTOPREP0.5
107 %0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 125Minor
%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 125Minor parts of speech OTOPREP0.5%0
108 .5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 126Minor p
.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 126Minor parts of speech OTO0.5%0.5%21.
109 2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 127Minor parts o
2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% 127Minor parts of speech OTO0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTT
110 OT16.0%34.7%48.1% 128Minor parts of spee
OT16.0%34.7%48.1% 128Minor parts of speech OTOPREP0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT
111 16.0%34.7%48.1%No ArtNo Art 129Minor par
16.0%34.7%48.1%No ArtNo Art 129Minor parts of speech OTOPREP0.5%0.5%2
112 1.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1%No ArtGua: No A
1.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1%No ArtGua: No Art 130Minor parts of speech O
113 TOPREP0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1%
TOPREP0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Topic marker 131Minor parts
114 of speech OTOPREP0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0
of speech OTOPREP0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1% Topic marker Topi
115 c 132Minor parts of speech OTOPREP0.5%0.
c 132Minor parts of speech OTOPREP0.5%0.5%21.2%ARTTOT16.0%34.7%48.1%
116 Topic marker Topic Def Art 1. Major part
Topic marker Topic Def Art 1. Major parts of speech (N, V, A)Word Ord
117 er basic order = basic order = mi=ñä-wi
er basic order = basic order = mi=ñä-wiártoarXuwa PAST.3=speak-withh
118 ismother-in-law the JuanJuan spoke with
ismother-in-law the JuanJuan spoke with his mother-in-law. markedfo
119 r older speakers mi=ñä-wiártoarXuwa PAS
r older speakers mi=ñä-wiártoarXuwa PAST.3=speak-withhismother-in-la
120 w the JuanJuan spoke with his mother-in
w the JuanJuan spoke with his mother-in-law.arXuwa mi=ñä-wiártothe
121 JuanPAST.3=speak-withhismother-in-lawIt
JuanPAST.3=speak-withhismother-in-lawIt was Juan who spoke with his m
122 other-in-law. 136 marked for older spea
other-in-law. 136 marked for older speakers but not for younger ones
123 mi=ñä-wiártoarXuwa PAST.3=speak-withhism
mi=ñä-wiártoarXuwa PAST.3=speak-withhismother-in-law the JuanJuan sp
124 oke with his mother-in-law.arXuwa mi=ñä
oke with his mother-in-law.arXuwa mi=ñä-wiártothe JuanPAST.3=speak-w
125 ithhismother-in-lawJuan spoke with his
ithhismother-in-lawJuan spoke with his mother-in-law. 137 marked fo
126 r older speakers but not for younger one
r older speakers but not for younger onesmi=ñä-wiártoarXuwa PAST.3=sp
127 eak-withhismother-in-law the JuanJuan s
eak-withhismother-in-law the JuanJuan spoke with his mother-in-law.
128 arXuwa mi=ñä-wiártothe JuanPAST.3=speak-
arXuwa mi=ñä-wiártothe JuanPAST.3=speak-withhismother-in-lawJuan spo
129 ke with his mother-in-law. = basic orde
ke with his mother-in-law. = basic order in Spanish138 marked for ol
130 der speakers but not for younger onesGua
der speakers but not for younger onesGuaraniis (still) unmarked order
131 marked for older speakers but not for y
marked for older speakers but not for younger onesGuaraniis (still)
132 unmarked orderis (still) unmarked order
unmarked orderis (still) unmarked order 1. Major parts of speech (N,
133 V, A)3. Word Order4. 142Morphology: on
V, A)3. Word Order4. 142Morphology: on native 143Morphology: on nati
134 ve Guarani No borrowed Spanish morpholog
ve Guarani No borrowed Spanish morphology on native stems 144Morpholo
135 gy: on borrowed 145Morphology: on borrow
gy: on borrowed 145Morphology: on borrowedOtomí Guaraniderivational a
136 nd inflectional morphology 146Morpholog
nd inflectional morphology 146Morphology: on borrowedOtomí Guaranide
137 rivational and inflectional morphology d
rivational and inflectional morphology derivational morphology (-AG a
138 nd -DIM) 147Morphology: on borrowedOtom
nd -DIM) 147Morphology: on borrowedOtomí Guaraniderivational and inf
139 lectional morphology derivational morpho
lectional morphology derivational morphology (-AG and -DIM) derivatio
140 nal morphology (-AG and -DIM)inflectiona
nal morphology (-AG and -DIM)inflectional morphology (-PL) (productiv
141 e?) 148Morphology: on borrowedOtomí Guar
e?) 148Morphology: on borrowedOtomí Guaraniderivational and inflectio
142 nal morphology derivational morphology (
nal morphology derivational morphology (-AG and -DIM) derivational mo
143 rphology (-AG and -DIM)inflectional morp
rphology (-AG and -DIM)inflectional morphology (-PL) (productive?) IM
144 E? Spanish plural s: No plural marking
E? Spanish plural s: No plural marking on nouns and verbal suffixSpa
145 nish plural s: :No plural marking on no
nish plural s: :No plural marking on nouns, only in article and verb
146 al suffixGuaraniNo morphological plurala
al suffixGuaraniNo morphological pluraladjectivefor [+HUM]Spanish plu
147 ral s: :No plural marking on nouns, onl
ral s: :No plural marking on nouns, only in article and verbal suffi
148 xGuarani:No morphological plural, only o
xGuarani:No morphological plural, only optional adjective for [+HUM]P
149 lural suffixSpanish plural s: 5. Conclu
lural suffixSpanish plural s: 5. Conclusions153153 Anything goes? We
150 ll Anything goes? Well different type
ll Anything goes? Well different types Typology potential explanat
151 ion for: 156 Typology for: -difference %
ion for: 156 Typology for: -difference % N -V A Typology for: -diffe
152 rence % N -V A-borrowing of Typology f
rence % N -V A-borrowing of Typology for: -difference % N -V Aborr
153 owing of adpositionsborrowing of Typolo
owing of adpositionsborrowing of Typology for: -difference % N -V A
154 borrowing of adpositionsborrowing of -di
borrowing of adpositionsborrowing of -difference % Lexical vs Grammat
155 ical Typology for: -difference % N -V 
ical Typology for: -difference % N -V A-borrowing of adpositionsbor
156 rowing of definite article-difference %
rowing of definite article-difference % Lexical vs Grammatical loans-
157 change in word order system Typology for
change in word order system Typology for: -difference % N -V A-borro
158 wing of adpositionsborrowing of definite
wing of adpositionsborrowing of definite articledifference % Lexical
159 vs Grammatical loans-change in word orde
vs Grammatical loans-change in word order system-borrowing nominal pl
160 ural suffix Typology for: -difference %
ural suffix Typology for: -difference % N -V A-borrowing of adpositi
161 onsborrowing of definite article-differe
onsborrowing of definite article-difference % Lexical vs Grammatical
162 loans-change in word order system-borrow
loans-change in word order system-borrowing nominal plural suffix Typ
163 ology for: -difference % N -V A-borrowi
ology for: -difference % N -V A-borrowing of adpositionsborrowing of
164 definite article-difference % Lexical v
definite article-difference % Lexical vs Grammatical loans-change in