Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, PeruAt the beginning of the 21s - PDF document

Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, P
Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, PeruAt the beginning of the 21st century, the enormoustremendous difference from the vertiginous growth ofthe 50s and 60s. The 1993 census also notes that natu-the total, and that immigration has reduced from 70 to30 per cent in the last 30 years. Despite its huge size,Lima is the capital of Peru, and the largest city in thecountry. Since its founding in 1535, it was the capital ofthe Spanish Empire in South America, and until the1950s it maintained an aristocratic and elitist character.During the Spanish colonial period, Lima was the politi-cal and administrative centre of South America, and hadin its neighbour Callao the most important port in thePacific. The primacy of the city was not a serious prob-lem in the past, as it is today. Despite its political impor-tance, the capital was not the only economic force in thecountry. With the post World War II economic develop-cost of the rest of the country. The last national censusArequipa, the country's second city in population andeconomic importance. More than 40 per cent of thein this city, in a country in which 73 per cent of the popu-lation lives in cities. As can be imagined, 33 per cent ofAfurther 30 per cent of poverty is to be found in thecoastal cities, 29 per cent in the mountains, and 8 perwhich bring water from the Andes, but only in thesummer months. The city is situated on the banks of theRímac River, near its mouth in the Pacific Ocean, andless than 100km from the Andean Cordillera. Originally itwas a valley cultivated by the Incas. The proximity of theHumboldt Current prevents the formation of rain clouds,throughout the year. The temperatures oscillate between14 and 20º C in winter, and between 18 and 30ºC insummer. Lima's climate is characterised by its very highrelative humidity, the absence of rain and wind. Lima'sCurrent. Builders have to take into account the fact thatthe city is built in an area of important tectonic activity. Lima has grown both north and south, taking in thesmall valleys of the Chillón and Lurín Rivers. Towardsthe east, in the gentle slo

pes of the Andean foothills,climbing tow
pes of the Andean foothills,climbing towards the higher parts of the hills, withgreater slope and worse living conditions. Towards theDue to the presence of important swathes of desertused by the state since the 1960s, for housing for low-income families. This phenomenon, as well as the infor-mal urbanisation process, which reached its apogeefrom the 1960s, explains the low density of the city, andits large extension. . Part of the GDPof the rest of theproduction and services are concentrated in Lima. Thelent in Lima. The port of Callao is also the most impor-Table 2. Peru, Growth RatePeriodSource: INEI. 2002POPULATIONANNUALINTERCENSALGROWTH RATE1993MetropolitanAREQUIPATable 3. Lima, Growth Rates23UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003tant in the country in all respects except for the exportucts). The Lima Chamber of Commerce estimates that7.4 per cent of the Economically Active Populationemployed, which gives an important indicator of povertyin the city. 6. The Political Structure of PeruThe country is divided into 24 departments (departa-Province of Callao (Lima's port) and 2,010 districts). Each province and district elects a mayorthrough direct and universal suffrage on the same day.The mayors of provinces and districts are relativelyincome than the district municipalities. The metropolis49 districts, without any mechanism of co-ordination ormunicipal planning. Peru is in a process of regionalisa-which is both the capital and the largest in the Republicof Peru. The regionalisation law at present underdebate establishes that each department will have thestatus region, and that Lima- the capital city - will haveby the city's mayor. constitutes one of its princi-pal problems. In the contextof low municipal incomemunicipal administration,already important given thesize of the city and its incip-the municipalities have onlypaid attention to the needcipally in the hands of theFigure 1. Lima Age Distribution of the PopulationLima 1993-400000-300000-200000-10000001000002000003000004000000 A 4³10 A 1420 A 2430

A 3440 A 4450 A 5460 A 64Number of Inh
A 3440 A 4450 A 5460 A 64Number of InhabitantsMujeres3074113049113214383730773633433093602677072279531807651389761107448820377982160541Hombres-316426-311678-320022-351873-342363-285756-246162-203888-171707-134365-108668-85858-74180-1358160 A 4³5 A 9³10 A 14³ 15 A 1920 A 2425 A 2930 A 3435 A 3940 A 4445 A 4950 A 5455 A 5960 A 6465 Y MASMetropolitan Lima: In a global sense the problems of the city noture has already been created for the preceding generations. Theand housing for the new families. The improvement in quality of lifegives rise to an increase in older adults who demand specialisedservices which range from public spaces to health care. The city isbeginning to attain demographic stability, but that does not mean thatits problems are coming an end, but that they are changing. Source:Periodos de expansión1535 - 19401940 - 19611961 - 19721972 - 19811981 - 1993p r o g r a m a u r b a n odesco2001Estadistica eMetropolitanII. NEIGHBOURHOODS ANDPOVERTYB. 1. TypesWe can point to two principal types of popular hous-ing in the city, which each have various subtypes. TuguriosThe old and deteriorated parts of the city are referredzones) and the buildings in a state of overcrowding and(slum tenements). The official term,accepted by the residents, is (tenements),Official mention is made of the "historic centre" of thecity, thereby confusing the non-deteriorated historic partThe first planning documents on these areas use,however, the term Adistinction can be made betweenTenements (or tugurios) in the historicalTenements in areas not consideredhistorical or monumentalSlum zones are important in a fewtenements in poor conditions, but indeteriorated areas with tenements inThe new low-income settlements, inthen install services, were known in(settlements or shan-asentamien-(human settlements). These settlementspopulation who began to arrive in the 1950s. At presentments or in other parts of the city. been concentrated in this type of settlement. The cent of the population today. Three types of progressive settlemen

ts can be distin-which an urban layout a
ts can be distin-which an urban layout and spaces reserved for roadsand urban equipment exist. The whole urban develop-great distance from the central city, but which has appro-priate environmental and soil conditions. Either at thestructure compatible with the national urban planning4Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, PeruFuente: INEI, Atlas Lima Metropolitana. Gustavo RiofrioElaboración: Programa Urbano - desco. 2002Villa MaríaTriunfoVentanillaLaderas deChillonPuente PiedraRío RimacHuascarSanJuanLuriganchoHoracioZevallosHuaycánVillaSalvadorp r o g r a m a u r b a n odesco20021020LEYENDACieneguillaAnconSource: INIE, Atlas Lima Metropolitan, Gustavo RiofrioMap 2. Shantytowns and Slums, Metropolitan Lima 2002towns) are spontaneous settlements in which there is noregular urban layout of plots and roads. There is also noreserve of land for equipment. These are pre-1960shantytowns, and others which are post-1990. They areto, or far from the urban core. Around 20 per cent of thement. This type of shantytown in growing, due to theshortage of lands for settlements of the first type. settlements in which the inhabitants began to live beforehad finished building their houses. The difference withthe first case is that these settlements acquire the landbefore beginning to occupy it. These represent about 20settlements" physical, historical and legal contexts, within the sameprogressive approach to creating settlements andprimary importance for understanding the characteris-important 30 years of the explosive growth of the city,the desert zones was assigned to the state in a 1961law. In contrast to the Brazilian "lar settlements in Latin America, more than 30 per centspace, rather than a smaller space. The effort of obtaining land from the state, building anotorious. The evolutionary tendency of the age pyramidsyouths requires new efforts at housing provision. Theincrease in the number of older adults also requires5UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica eMap 3. Percentage of H

ousing deficitFuente: Instituto Naciona
ousing deficitFuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. 1993Elaboración: Programa Urbano - desco. 2002p r o g r a m a u r b a n odesco20011020Porcentaje de déficit devivienda (1993)0 to 90-26 to 0-36 to -26-75 to -36OFFICIALDEFINITIONMetropolitano de Lima(Lima Metropolitan PlanningOffice - PLANDEMET) in 1968 distinguished variousceased to be a public policy issue. The preoccupation ofthe municipalities is expressed more in the "recovery ofThe urban policies aimed at slums were established,in the 1990s, as processes in which actions are taken inisolated tenements, and not in decayed urban areas. Inconsidered officially "urban renovation zones". Both intexts and in the practice of municipal and governmentpolitical affiliation at a national level - the process ofAs well as questions of understanding, there is alsothe problem that the Metropolitan Lima Municipality hasonly set up renovation projects in historic tenements.Using a base of two NGOs, the Metropolitan LimaMetropolis has set up two projects with different charac-teristics in two deteriorated tenements which do nothave historical importance. These projects have not yetWith regard to the new settlements, the official name ofinhabitants. There are no policies for integral improve-ments in neighbourhoods of progressive development,either in urban aspects or with regard to housing. With regard to urban issues, the municipalities andthe organised settlements take charge of managing thement, except for legalisation of land occupation. ous settlements located in inaccessible zones withpotential environmental risks, although the neighbour-regularised. approximately 33,250 plots built up between 1992 andconstruction. About 60 per cent of these already haveproperty titles. However, the percentage of plots withpotable water is less than 5 per cent. There are no holis-tic plans on the part of the municipal authorities or theUrban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, Peru6p r o g r a m a u r b a n odesco1020Porcentaje de viviendasinadecuadas (1993)23 to 7516 to 238 to 160 to 8Source; Insti

tuto Nacional de Estadistica e Informati
tuto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica 1993Map 4. Percentage of Inadequate housingD. UNOFFICIALDEFINITIONmost commonly used by most actors in the city. For themiddle classes and the press, the names of certain poordistricts on the outskirts of Lima and some neighbour-, it is often convenient not to identifywork in the rich parts of the city.asentamiento. The inhabitants of self-builtbeing considered as inhabitants of a employment prefer to get their id card in central districtsThe media tend to give a mistaken image of the city's. This is a vision which corresponds tothe reality of the 60s and 70s, sharing the mistakencriteria of that time. For the majority of journalists, theimmigrants), the land is private (the majority is public),and finally, the occupation of the land occurred onlythrough invasion (the largest settlements at all stages1. Conceptual Aspectsbased on the definition of absolute poverty, according towhich poverty is a state of lack of requirements forliving. This condition prevents the individual or house-UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003Source: Insituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica 199301020Tasa de desocupación de lapoblación económicamenteactiva de más de 15 años(1993)9 to 128 to 97 to 80 to 701020Población en Asentamientos Humanos (1993)590,000295,00059,000Source: Insituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica 1993Map 5. Total Population in low income settlements7hold from participating fully in social life, since they areobliged to satisfy only certain needs sacrificing otherswhich are equally important. a)The Poverty Line Method, or indirect method, b)The Basic Unsatisfied Needs Method (c)The Integrated Method which combines the other two.access to basic services offered outside the market. For the present work, the methodological aspectsof the Presidency, the Ministry of Work and SocialThe following is a transcript of the concepts defined byInstituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática(National Statistical and Informational Institute - INEI)estadísticas sociod

emográficasor family, in terms of educat
emográficasor family, in terms of education, health, living conditions,mum limits for satisfaction are established. Then, on thebasis of the definition of the needs and limits, the house-holds in the population whose effective consumption isThis method, applied to the information obtained fromthe Population and Housing Census, has the advantagea)Inadequate housing, in terms of materialsb)Critical crowding levelsc)Lack of services to remove excretad)Non-assistance at primary school by children, ande)The economic capacity of the household, associatingconstant and persistent deterioration of householdincomes and their effects on the population's livingThis is an indirect method for measuring poverty, givena minimum consumption of alimentary and non-alimen-tary goods, to deduce the potential for the satisfaction ofThe NBI, or direct method is more efficient in measur-not on supposed particularities of consumptionbehaviour, but on effective consumption. F. TYPES OF SUB-STANDARD The massive spontaneous and sub-standard settle-majority of South American cities. Two elements differen-The state made a greater investment in housing for theland has been greater. settlements, based on plots with services, andimprovements to sub-standard settlements, which wasa pioneer programme on the continent. The new settle-ments were scarce, but the land held in reserve forthem - relatively flat, on the outskirts of the city - wasoccupied by low-income families in an orderly manner,numbers, and with a high level of acceptance both by thelow-income population (who obtained secure land forments and low cost housing. settlements" (UPIS) were occupied. Later, similar landsthat end by the state. In the 1970s, the central and later the municipal8Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, Peruused as surplus areas to provide, in an orderly way, fordemand for land has never ceased. The policy of hand-up. The low-income families today oscillate between twothese areas is more limited than it was for their parentsin past decades. 2.Living in a The sub-standard settlements in Peru have alwaysment a

nd the housing. The size of the plots ha
nd the housing. The size of the plots has beensufficient to build single family housing, which has nowbeen converted into multi-family housing. The inhabi-tants of these neighbourhoods, reflected by official soci-owners and constructors of a piece of the capital city. the residents with opportunities for their own initiatives.This situation is different in the settlements beingoften small, parcels of land. The organisation of the inhabitants has been histori-cally carried out by the real estate developer, who hasCommunity action has been an important mechanismfor the socialisation of the immigrants and their integra-tion into urban life. The tradition of organisation hasfocussing exclusively on the poor, and not on the socialtarianism of the 90s have resulted in the weakening ofand the very poor. INFORMATION AVAILABLE LOW-INCOME SETTLEMENTS It is very difficult to gain access to precise informationway in which official sources deal with the information.this study. The census data makes no distinctionsbetween the different urban structures (and slum area for example), which might exist in differ-ent districts. As such, it is not possible to differentiatethe sub-standard areas. Some studies have beendistrict, it is necessary to make a more detailed study toobtain aggregated information on the different types ofurban area. As such, the information presented is theresult of field studies to correct the existing bibliography. In the case of Villa El Salvador, for which the mostcomplete statistics will be shown, practically 100 perreason the national census data can be used.Encuestas Nacionalessobre Niveles de Vida - ENNIV). The difficulty which this approach presents isthat the sample of this study is representative of thewhole city of Lima, and not just its districts, for whichreason the differences between rich and poor neigh-income settlements consists of selections from the offi-Table 4UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003Table 5. Metropolitan Lima:SectorDistrictsNo. ofShantytowns (1)TotalHábitat, 1998, basedNacion

ales / Encuestasde municipalidades,Table
ales / Encuestasde municipalidades,Table 4. Metropolitan Lima: Population in Source: Comisión Hábitat, 1998, on the basis of: INEI, Censos Nacionales /Encuestas de municipalidades, Tendencias de Crecimiento Urbano de Lima al2015 M.L.M., Dirección General de AA.HH. YearTotalTotal Population %6,853,487 (1)9III.THE INHABITANTS OF THESHANTYTOWN: YESTERDAY& TODAYtry. In the 60s and 70s, a type of natural selectionstart new settlements from nothing, but with the promiseof ample urban and family space for the future. with the aim of escaping from the terrible rental condi-put them up. This initiative was generally taken when anew family had bee formed, with children. Often theneed for independence, or for more space, was voicedurban norms and with space left for streets and urbanCommunal work to urbanise the settlements required,and requires effort by all the residents. The organisationheads for the taking of decisions. For this reason theparticipation of female heads of household has beenrequired and accepted. Already in the 1980s there werewomen in important positions in the community. Thewomen also play an important role in the social life of theThe new generations, born in the settlements, havedifferent behavioural patterns. The young women feelconstruct a house, but to find the means to survive. Asfamilies has not consisted in founding new settlements,but simply in looking for a space to camp. The new settle-ments are not only in less suitable places than the earlier5 years there have been 200 illegal occupations ofunsuitable zones in Lima. The authorities do not show agreat deal of interest in conditioning these settlements,and the inhabitants now have less time and dedication toinvest in the development of their settlements. been developed, given that this facilitates the access tothe social networks of the settlements and to existingservices, including transport. In certain cases these areprivate lands in areas where conflicts are important. Into earlier years, the new settlements occupy lands whichas well as being marginal, are quite small. The inhabi

-tants do not form pressure groups, and
-tants do not form pressure groups, and their organisa-Comparing the agecharts for low-incomesettlements allows thelation. Below is a compari-. The neighbour-10Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, PeruComas 1981-30000-20000-1000001000020000300000 A 4³5 A 9³10 A 14³ 15 A 1920 A 2425 A 2930 A 3435 A 3940 A 4445 A 4950 A 5455 A 5960 A 6465 Y MASRangos de EdadNúmero de habitantesSerie2-18999-20386-16500-15436-11697-9939-6661-4942-3831-2465-2700Serie118796199141698815151120999858599643603180211231480 A 4³5 A 9³³ 15 A 20 A 2425 A 2930 A 3440 A 45 A 50 A 55 A 59MASComas 1993-30000-20000-1000001000020000300000 A 4³5 A 9³10 A 14³ 15 A 1920 A 2425 A 2930 A 3435 A 3940 A 4445 A 4950 A 5455 A 5960 A 6465 Y MASRangos de EdadNúmero de habitantesSerie220655200962544224837158001346711110693348646990Serie1-21487-20393-23757-23134-14973-11736-10695-7373-5398-65600 A 4³5 A 9³³ 15 A 20 A 30 A 3435 A 3940 A 50 A 55 A 65 Y MASFigure 2. Age Charts for Comas District, 1981 and 1993UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 200311Table 6. Socio-Economic Data for a District with aVILLAELSALVADOR DISTRICTINDICATORDATUMPopulation. Households0.7Total population - Census 199358,239Total households - Census 199356,097Total population in households -254,323Demographic Growth4.8Household heads% Women household heads - CensusDistribution by age and sexWomen 15 to 49 years - Census 199373,448% Population under 15 years - Census1993% Mothers 15 to 49 years with 4 or20.4% Single mothers 15 to 49 years -13.2% Children in 1st year of primary27.7% Population with NBI* - Census 199348.6 Total population with NBI - CensusPhysical Conditions of Housing8.3% Households with NBI in houses29.6% Households with NBI in houses29.4Access to services1993% Households with NBI* in houses16% Households in private houses with-8.6% Households with NBI in houses29.4INDICATORDATUMTotal households with NBI in houses with crowd-75Total households with NBI

in houses with crowd-10,012Total house
in houses with crowd-10,012Total households with NBI in houses with crowd-10,087% Population in households with NBI in houses24.2Access to electrical goods1993Average years of study, population 15 years and8.8% Household heads with incomplete primary16.9% Population of 15 and over, feminine, with40.1% Population of 15 and over, with incomplete15.1School AssistanceTotal population in households with NBI with15,070% Households with NBI with children who do not4.5% Households with NBI with children who do not11.6% Households with NBI with children who do not4.5Proportion of population illiterate 15 and over -4.5Female illiteracy rate, 15 and over - Census 19937.1Proportion of population illiterate 15 and over -4.5Female illiteracy rate, 15 and over - Census 19937.1Economic dependency208.2% Population in households with NBI with high8.1% Population in households with NBI with high6% Population in households with NBI with high6Rate of economic activity of the EAP, 6 to 142Rate of economic activity of the EAP15 and over54.8Rate of economic activity of the EAP, female, 1534Occupation% Population 15 and over, occupied in services -69.5% Population 15 and over, occupied with unre-4.3Population 15 and over, occupied, salaried -57.7% Population 15 and over, occupied in agricul-1.1% Population 15 and over, occupied in establish-ments with fewer than 5 workers - Census 199360.8Sources: INEI, Census Nacional 1993 y Encuesta Nacional deMunicipalidades 1994. Elaboración DESCO reached a level of demographic stability. The city cantions. The problems that require resolving now originateemployment and housing. In the same way, improve-ments in the life expectancy and quality mean that thesedistricts have a significant proportion of elderly adults,Another important demographic change is related tothe origins of the population. The fathers or grandfa-tant place of reference to the city. The migrants and themost ambitious poor inhabitants of Lima founded theTheir children, however, are children of the city, and domost importan

t reference. The new generations of thep
t reference. The new generations of thepoor, who are urban by birth, find themselves in the cityThese costs have been estimated by the authors using1.The Poor's Assets1.1 Social CapitalThe organisation of families provides their principalsocial capital. As well as this, there are two main types ofthe householders in a community. These are very impor-tant at the outset of the settlement process, for the legali-sation of land tenure, elaboration of settlement plans, andas well as for obtaining electricity and potable water. interest groups: from traders and micro-enterprises tonutritional and sporting organisations. Women leadoften known as "women's organisations". Because oftheir important activities, the leaders of these organisa-tions are always selected to take part in the activitiesmunicipality, and by the various public institutions. Themost important organisations at present are two: thevarious groups who prepare food for their associates,receiving limited state funds, and known as comedoresMilk Committees", which prepare and distribute milk tomore than 80 per cent of children under 5 in Lima. Thisactivity is co-managed by the local municipalities. Thesocial organisation, has brought two important conse-quences: a) the organisations not only are important indemanding improvements, but also in the management12Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima,PeruTransport (Southern Zone)DestinationTravel timePriceTrnasportTo the urban (15 km)microbusTo the centre (30 km)microbusTo the centre of1 hourtaxi3 to 10 minutesmototaxi1 to 2 minutesmototaxiWater (Villa El Salvador)Characteristicsm2Plot 140 m2 with water, drainageand electricity, main avenueMedical Attention in Health CentreCharacteristicsAccess ticket for basic public medical centrecentreS/. 5RentalSystem Minimum pricelorryEquivalent water frompublic networkRental for a room with shared bathroom in thesettlement(Prices vary according to location andlow-income community, and not only include the verypoor, but all the inhabitants of urban settlements. In the last decade the funds

spent by the state on thecontrary, it ha
spent by the state on thecontrary, it has been considered to be more effective toorganisations. This focus on the poorest has resulted inpoor, and the isolation of the latter. 1.2 Land Tenure Formalisation and Access tothe continent. Mortgage credit costs 11.5 per cent annu-ally in US dollars. Personal bank credits are above 22ipal Savings Banks or savings and lending systems forThe MIVIVIENDAsystem and associated banks,that a house or apartment costing US$15,000 is notand C1) given that their incomes cannot pay for thePeru has a particular situation which should beplots have been inscribed in the public land registry,most in poor settlements, through an ambitious formali-sation programme under the auspices of the WorldProperty - COFOPRI) has been very efficient in its tasksin the most important cities in the country, and thetively by the developing world. The working hypothesishas been that the formalisation of property allows itsuse as collateral for obtaining loans. It has beenaffirmed that, once registered, the poor's capital couldbe floated on the market (de Soto, 1986). The result -predictable for those who understand the poor'sdoes not imply a significant access to credit. The mort-represents 0.7 per cent of the registered plots, in manycases they are not even mortgage credits, but credits nogreater than US$2,000 for 18 month repayments, whichwho have registered their property. IV.SETTLEMENTS AND POVERTY:POLICIES AND THEIR IMPACTSalleviation has increased significantly. This spendingture programmes, and donations of food. This money,however, has gone principally to the rural areas, despiteThe most significant investments in the city have beenon the part of the Ministry of the Presidency, in theFondo Nacional de la ViviendaHousing Fund - FONAVI, dissolved in 1999) hasfinanced the installation of water infrastructure innumerous settlements.formalisation programme of 1.5 million plots in low-income settlements in the country.These actions, however, have been carried out with-out co-ordination with the actions of the municipalities inthe cities, and without f

orming part of a plan for settle-ments i
orming part of a plan for settle-ments in general. Given that these assets have notone of seeking political clients. The municipalities and central government authoritiesequipment to the sub-standard settlements. Access toTable 7. Results of the Formalisation Process in PeruPlotsTitlesMortgages(2000)Note: the columns cannot be compared as they relate to different13UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003at a metropolitan or sub-metropolitan level. There areonly actions limited in space, time and resources, andcarried out by some municipalities in a district, NGOs,and a project developed by the Housing Vice-Minister inaround 50 per cent of the poorest part of the north ofUS$10,000, considered affordable by the higher eche-lons of the urban poor. In 2002, some formulae havefar the work has not started. To finance housing, there is a special fund, based oncontributions by workers and employers (FONAVI). TheMIVIVIENDAfund no longer gets money from obligatorySince its creation in 1999 until February 20002, theMIVIVIENDAFund has only financed 2,272 interven-tions for a total cost of US$41.1 million. If it is taken intocan be seen that there is no housing policy capable ofusing these resources. This is due to the fact thatdemand for housing is not in the middle or higher strataof the city, but in the low-income sector. Although the MIVIVIENDAFund plans to finance25,000 housing units in the next 3 years, the newing units per year in the country. Up until now, no hous-ing units have been initiated for a value of less thanprogrammes, or assistance programmes for self-offered of finished housing for the inhabitants of theThe greatest impact of their actions does not consist inthe fact that they can show that it is possible to obtainimportant results. majority of the population in need. The "Glass of Milkmanagement of activities with the municipalities, andments. Since 1986 this programme has received fundsright and not a favour on the part of the authorities. Urban Slums Reports: The case of Lima, PeruEconomically Active Popu

lationFONAVIFondo Nacional de la Viviend
lationFONAVIFondo Nacional de la Vivienda - Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática - National Statistical Non-Governmental OrganisationOficina del Plan Metropolitano de Lima - Lima Metropolitan Planning Office Social - Social Interest Popular SettlementsSPANISH TERMS" In: Instituto Nacional de Estadística eInformática (INEI) ¿Ha mejorado el bienestar de la población?IEP, LimaRodríguez, Alfredo (1969) "Notas para la interpretación delRiofrío, Gustavo (1978) SRiofrío, Gustavo (2001) Conference Paper, Lincoln Center, BostonComisión Hábitat (1998) Informe: Hábitat II Lima,15UNDERSTANDING SLUMS:Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003Before their encounter with the West, the Incas devel-tion technology, whose axis was the Andes. With thearrival of the Spaniards, the country changed to mining.In the 20th century, Peru was able to enrich itself withtrial products, cotton and sugar being the outstandingexamples. After the Second World War came the importTHE URBAN CONTEXT. LIMA: ACOASTALCITYIN AMOUNTAINOUS COUNTRY1.Introduction to the CityPeru is divided in two by the Andes Cordillera, with anof the Pacific Ocean. To the east of this are the Andes,and beyond, the Amazon Jungle. In the 1940s, 60 pernot only the country's climate, but its geographic poten-tial as well, are determined by the Andes. To travel fromthe coast to the jungle it is necessary to cross the Andes,always on difficult roads. Communications betweennorth and south are always made along the coast. Therecountry either in the mountains or in the jungle, whereThe products of the agriculturally rich high forestrarely reach the markets, as they have to cross theAndes to get there, or they must travel to the AtlanticCoast after a long journey on the Amazon. The produc-tion of minerals in the mountains goes directly to thecoastal ports. The coastal agro-industry was and iscountries closer to the northern markets. by Gustavo RiofríoSource: CIAfactbookTable 1. Peru, PopulationYearWomenTotal11,092,000Source: INEI 2002 Contact:Gustavo RiofríoLeon de la Fuente 110Email:gustav