Forms of Tense Cf The time line perspective 1 Forms of tense Tense Present tense Past tense Forms of Aspect 1 Forms of Aspect Aspect Perfect Aspect Have v erb en ed Progressive Aspect ID: 783331
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Slide1
1742171 Sung Mi Kim
3 Tense and Aspect
Slide2Slide3Forms of Tense
Slide4Cf
) The time line perspective
1. Forms of tense
Tense
Present tense
Past tense
Slide5Forms of Aspect
Slide61. Forms
of
Aspect
Aspect
Perfect Aspect (Have
v
erb + en/
ed
)
Progressive Aspect
(Be verb +
ing
)
Slide7B
asic Structure
Tense (Modal) (Perfect) (Progressive) Verb
PAST or PRESENT (WILL) (HAVE + EN) (BE + ING) VERB
1 The left-to-right order of components is fixed.
2 Each component influences the form of the component to its right.
Ex) a. I PRESENT TENSE, HAVE… + EN, BE…+ ING, sleep b. I have been sleeping.
Slide8Meanings of Tense
Slide91. Meanings of Tense
Factuality
( facture and nonfactual )
Past and Present – factual
Future events – non factual situations
1. That is the worst haircut I have ever seen. (Fact)2. That fat dog ate my lunch. (Fact. It already happened.) 3. My best friend will get married tomorrow. (Not a fact. It didn’t happen yet.)
Slide101. Meanings of Tense
Remoteness
Remoteness in time
Past tense > Present tense
4. The hippo walks to work every morning to stay healthy.
5. The hippo walks into the room and starts crying like a big baby.
6. The hippo walked to work before it got in a car accident and lost the use of its hind legs.
Slide111. Meanings of Tense
Remoteness
Remoteness in possibility
Past tense < Present tense
7. I will move to Mombasa next year.
8. I would like to move to Mombasa within the next few years.
Slide12Meanings of Aspect
Slide131
Lexical Aspect
S
tative
and Dynamic
Stative
: be, like, know … (no
real action) I am knowing how to swim. (x) Dynamic: drive, speak, eat… (situations involving a change) 9. The armadillo likes sand. (
Stative, It does now, did in the past, and always will.)
10. The bear ate the armadillo. (Dynamic, the bear was once hungry but now it is not - or - the armadillo was once alive but is now dead and gone.)
Slide141
Lexical Aspect
Dynamic
Situations
Punctual and Durative
Punctual situations (non-durative)
in an instantDurative situations over a period of timeNon-durative -vs- Durative 11. The elephant stepped on my foot. (Punctual)
11a. The elephant is stepping on my foot. Help! (Durative) 12. The Han River flows into the Yellow Sea. (Durative)
12a. The Han River is flowing into the city center. Help. (Punctual - kind of)
Slide152 Grammatical
Aspect
In -vs- Out
13. The elephant is falling down the steps. (Progressive, Inside) (used predominantly in spoken language)
14. The elephant has fallen down the steps. (Perfect, Outside) (used predominantly in written language)
Grammatical Aspect Concept of situation
progressive
viewed from
the inside
,
in
progress
p
erfect
viewed from the
outside
, in
retrospect
3 Different Meanings
Perfect + Dynamic verb : completed activity
Progressive + Dynamic verb : ongoing activity (Incomplete)
15. John is cooking pork for dinner.
16. John has cooked pork for dinner.
Slide173 Different Meanings
Stative
Verb
perfect +
Stative progressive + Stative 17. The porcupine has liked chicken for a long time.
Progressive +
Stative : Temporary state
18. Although that is not always the case, the teacher is acting like an idiot today.
Slide184 components
I have been working very hard.
I PRESENT HAVE + EN/ED BE + ING work very hard.
factual
external view in retrospect
internal
view in progress dynamic activityYou had been learning a lo.You PAST HAVE + EN/ED BE + ING learn a lot.
Remote external view in retrospect internal view in progress dynamic process
Slide19Meanings in Context
Slide20Meanings in Context
In a magazine article
past tense- background information
Present tense- foreground of writer’s focus
In
academic writing
Past- report on research
Present- generalizations by the current writersIn narrativesPast- background for understanding the storyPresent- foreground to look like a present experiencesIn a news reportPresent- HeadlinesPerfect present- recent changes and current situations
Slide21Exercise
He has been learning a lot.
He had been learning a lot.
He had learned a lot. He has learned a lot.
He learned a lot. He is learning a lot.
He will learn a lot.
He
would learn a lot. He would have learned a lot.
Slide22Teaching Activity
Slide23Class Description :
Class :
middle
school,
3
rd
grade 25 people
2. Language Focus :
Grammatical Aspect – The
Present Perfect
Progressive Tenses
Slide24현재완료진행형의 형태
Slide25have〔has
〕 + p.p.
(
현재완료
)
be
+ -
ing
(진행형)
have〔has
〕 + been + -
ing
(
현재완료진행형
)
1.
The Present Perfect Progressive
「
have
〔
has
〕
been+-
ing
」
Slide26현재완료진행형의 의미
Slide27I
have been watching
TV for three hours.
나는 세 시간 동안
TV
를 보고 있는 중입니다
.1. 현재완료진행형의 의미
과거의 어느 시점부터 지금까지
계속되어 오고 있고
,
또 현재에도
계속 진행
중인 동작을 표현할 때 사용합니다.
Slide28He
has been studying
since then.
그는
그때부터
공부하고 있습니다
.They have been waiting for you for a long time.
그들은 오랫동안 당신을 기다리고 있습니다.
1.
현재완료진행형의 의미
Slide29현재완료
vs.
현재완료진행
Slide30They
have lived
in Seoul since
1980.
그들은
1980년 이후로 서울에서 살고 있습니다.계속을 나타내는 현재완료는 동작의 계속과 상태의 계속을 모두 나타낼 수 있습니다
.
1.
현재완료
vs.
현재완료진행
Slide31They
have been living
in Seoul since 1980.
그들은
1980
년 이후로 서울에서
살고 있습니다.현재완료진행은 동작의 계속만을 나타냅니다.
특히 현재완료의
계속적 의미를 강조할 때는 현재완료진행을 사용할 수 있습니다
.
1.
현재완료
vs.
현재완료진행
Slide32I
have known
her for 10 years.
나는
10
년 동안 그녀를 알고 지내고 있습니다
. cf. I have been knowing her for 10 years. (X)
현재완료진행은 동작의 계속만을 나타내기 때문에
상태동사는 현재완료진행에 쓰일 수 없습니다.
2.
현재완료진행형의 주의점
Slide33다음 문장 중 어색한
문장을 찾아 봅시다
.
She has been knowing about it since last Friday.
He has been working very hard.
What have you been doing?
기 본 문 제
Slide34It (snow) for two hours.
He (sleep) since this morning.
I (wait) for an hour.
괄호 안의 동사를
현재완료진행형
으로 바꿔 써 봅시다
.
기 본 문 제
has been snowing
has been sleeping
have been waiting
Slide35다음을 시제에 유의하여
영어
로 말해 봅시다
.
그는 아침부터 책을 읽고 있습니다
.
나는 어제부터 편지를 쓰고 있습니다
.
심 화 문 제
He has been reading a book since this morning.
I have been writing a letter since yesterday.
Slide36play basketball
w
atch TV
use a computer
dance
cook
write a letter
r
ead a book
Slide37He
We
John
The children
My dad
They
My
friend
since 7 p.m.
for 3 hours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The children
have been reading
books since 7 p.m.
He
has been writing
a letter for 3 hours.
Slide38He
We
John
The children
My dad
They
My
friend
since 7 p.m.
for 3 hours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Slide39Thank you!