Chapter 13 Deng Haiqiong Haiqiong Deng Internationally renowned zheng guzheng virtuoso https wwwyoutubecomwatchvqMgrTaKdFyM Director of FSU Chinese Music Ensemble ID: 567466
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Slide1
Chinese Music
Chapter 13Slide2
Deng Haiqiong
(
Haiqiong Deng)
Internationally renowned zheng (guzheng) virtuosohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMgrTaKdFyMDirector of FSU Chinese Music EnsembleSlide3
Zheng, History, Politics
Chapter focus:
“a particular instrument, the
zheng, which we will discuss through the lens of Chinese history and the political movements and ideologies that have shaped it.” Dynastic eraQin (3rd century BCE)Han (202 BCE-220 CE)Tang (618-907)Ming (1368-1644)Qing (1644-1911)Republican Era (1912-1949)Communist EraInitial Communist period (1949-1965)Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Period of Openness\Internationalization (1980-pres.)Slide4
The Zheng
Figure 13.1 – Labeled Diagram (p. 324)
Board zither
21 nylon/metal stringsMovable bridges Musical Guided Tour (transcript, pp. 325-26) Tunings, playing techniques and textures, ornamentationgua-zou = glissandoSlide5
The Zheng in Imperial China
Qin (3
rd
c. BCE)Legend of “dispute” (= zheng) between two sisters in imperial palaceIn their fight, 25-string zheng broken in half. One “half instrument,” with 13 strings, sent by Qin emperor to imperial court of Japan, became koto; the other, with 12 strings, sent to court of Korea, became kayagum
.
Koto Kayagum
CD 2-1 – traditional
CD 4-24
Rin’s
Sakitama
– contemporarySlide6
Japan/Korea: Koto and
kayagum
Koto – “Tori no
Yo ni (You ni)” (Like a Bird), composed by Sawai Tadao (same piece as CD 2-1)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hojU-Q9-LZoSankyoku (koto
, shamisen, shakuhachi)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwCuI3Xn7_E
Rin “Sakitama” music video
(recording CD 4-24)
Also features the
biwa
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICkPs-xlgpY
Kayagum
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TrWww6lR_sSlide7
Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220CE
)
Zheng had mixed reputation – “vulgar” for some, high moral character for others
Solo tradition of zheng playing may date back to this era, though mainly an ensemble instrument. Confucius, Confucianism, and the qin (zither) Moral virtue as “right” social orderProper music/instruments for each social classJunzi “superior individuals” (though not necessarily by birth!)Seven-string
qin (guqin
) zither the instrument of choice for junziConfucius himself played the
qin
CD 4-25 – solo
qin
performance (melody based on ancient Buddhist chant) Slide8
Clockwise: Qin;
koto
,
qin … kayagum; zhengJunzi playing the qin
(Could it be…Confucius?) Slide9
Qin videos
“Remember Old Friends,”
perf
. by Deng Haiqionghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMgrTaKdFyMFrom 8:20-end of the video (which is a TV profile of Haiqiong) Tao-Chu Shen qin performancehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvhKTFzQG8YFight scene (Jet Li vs. Donnie Yen) from Hero
(2004)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeeoEpmyb2YSlide10
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
Another golden age for China
Zheng reached its apogee during this period
Music ministry – 30,000 musicians and dancers from throughout empire employed Zheng In many different ensembleselaborate decoration (silver-engraved frames, jade bridges), earliest known examples of notationWomen performers (continuing association) – Emperor XuanzongSilk Road – pipa and other instruments brought to China (CD 4-26 – zheng
, pipa duet)Slide11
Silk Road Ensemble
Wu
Man (
pipa) and Kayan Kalhor (kamanche) of the Silk Road Ensemble, directed by Yo-Yo Ma. Slide12
Ming and Qing dynasty
Chinese opera
Peking (Beijing) opera
TraditionalGolden age, early 20th century (late Qing – Republican era)Revolutionary (Communist era/Cultural Revolution) Slide13
Peking Opera examples
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage “Peking Opera” video
https
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtV3iAuYN48The Red Lantern (Legend of the Red Lantern) -- Revolutionary/Model Opera – 1964)Plot: three generations in family of Chinese revolutionaries, China-Japan war (1937-1945)CD 1-5 (vocalist Wei Li) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0mtijWiR6gLeehom
Wang “Mistake in the Flower Fields”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSNVCPkNl4USlide14
Regional Styles: Traditional Solo Zheng Music
Crystallized late Qing dynasty era (mid/late 19
th
c.)Shandong, Henan, etc.Each regional style: distinctive yun (regional character)Deng Haiqiong studied Shandong style w. Gao Zicheng“Autumn Moon over the Han Palace” (CD 4-27; pp. 332-34)Baban form -- length per cycle 68
ban (1 ban = ban + yan)
8 phrases per cycleAll phrases 8 ban in length, except Phrase 5 (12
ban
)
Yijing
of sadness (but complex – “gentle, moderate, controlled”)
Intricate ornamentation of melody
16 steel-stringed
zheng
(rather than 21 nylon-steel) Slide15
Communist Era
Conservatories and conservatory solo
zheng
tradition actually hark back to Republican era, pre-communism (1912-1949)“Return of the Fishing Boats” (Lou Shuhua, 1936)Communism: music overtly political, ideological, “On the Golden Hill in Beijing” (CD 4-28, sung by Li Xiuqin)Folkloric research, appropriation of “folk traditions,” and harnessing of Western elements (compositional, piano/harp) all fed into solo zheng style“Spring on Snowy Mountains” (CD 4-29, pp. 338-40),
comp. Fan Shang’eProgrammatic music“Tibetan” melody, revolutionary program, piano/harp techniques (tremolos,
arpeggiated chords, etc.) Slide16
“Fighting the Typhoon”
OMI 26
(excerpt, performed by Deng
HaiqiongClassic performance by the composer, Wang Chang Yuan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEvyu1rTOvM&index=34&list=RDiclV4wcVBQ8…and from a more recent concert by WC“High Mountain, Flowing Water” https
://www.youtube.com/watch?t=293&v=UBbUuvGl8kcSlide17
Period of Openness
1976-1979 – Turbulent years following Mao’s death (Gang of Four)
1980s – Deng Xiaoping ushers in “Period of Openness”
“Whatever they write or create can only be investigated and resolved by artists. There will be no [political] interference in these matters.” (D. Xiaoping, 1979) Slide18
“Music from the
Muqam
CD 4-33 – “Music from the Muqam” (second half)Based on Uighur musical traditionWord muqam related to Arabic maqamMode/scale (D F# G A C)
Five-beat meter (aksak = “limping” rhythms)Melodic ornamentationElements of formal design
Chinese conservatory elementsProfusely virtuosic style (e.g., gua-zou glissandi), and thus Western influenceEqual-tempered “translation” of the traditional Uighur mode
Problems
of
musicultural
appropriation (also Tibetans and other “minority” groups in China) Slide19
Tan Dun
Tan Dun
CD 4-32
– “Desert Capriccio” from Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – featuring Yo-Yo Mahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhCHw0Ovqf4 (swordfight scene) Other scores include HeroSlide20
Cui Jian
“
Nothing to My Name”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYwsPt854Xo&list=RDkYwsPt854Xo#t=21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvn8Ql5GOYA (live) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzNZKOZpoBU (documentary)“Fake Monk” (w. zheng) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXbC2f1BV_Y featuring zheng
) Slide21
Bei
Bei
CD
4-31 – “Hot Thursday” from Into the Wind https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGZR8j5hhjo (music video)