TS Explicitly assess information and draw conclusions Objective to understand how The Cold War shaped foreign policy throughout the 1950s Cold War under Eisenhower Brinkmanship taking the country to the brink of war to avoid war Sect of State Dulles ID: 729540
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Slide1
Cold War -- Eisenhower Years
T.S. – Explicitly assess information and draw conclusionsObjective- to understand how The Cold War shaped foreignpolicy throughout the 1950sSlide2
Cold War under Eisenhower
Brinkmanship: taking the country to the brink of war to avoid war (Sect. of State Dulles)Massive Retaliation: a US nuclear arsenal may be a cheaper alternative to large-scale conventional forcesSoviet Aggression: met with nuclear threatSlide3
Eisenhower Foreign Policy: Containment
Korea Truce in 1953Hungary (1956)Suez Crisis (1956)Eisenhower Doctrine (aid to M. East) -the US would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism—usually meant using the CIASlide4
Eisenhower Foreign Policy: Containment
CIA Covert Operations:Iran (1953)Guatemala (1954)Vietnam (1954) US provides $ to S. Vietnam, installs DiemU2 spy plane incident (1960)cancels summit on nuclear test bans Slide5
Guatemala
A dictator came to power on a platform to reduce povertyWanted to redistribute landAmerican Fruit company, US firm, is the largest landholderCIA trained mercenaries and US fighter planes toppled the governmentLand is redistributed, but a military dictatorship took over1954– CIA helped overthrow the new leaderOur involvement there – economic, and to protect from perceived communismSlide6
Latin America
Guatemala (1954)Cuba (1959)
The ragtag rebel army
funded by the CIA.
Castro Speaking to supporters
CIASlide7
Korea
Truman = limited warDuring Eisenhower, the domino theory takes root—if one country fell to communism, the rest would fall like dominoes (VN)IKE personally went to make sure 38th parallel was maintained by troopsSlide8
Asia
Domino TheoryKorea Truce (1953)Vietnam (1954)SEATO
Armistice Signed in Korea
Diem
SEATO in BlueSlide9
Hungary - 1956
People in Poland, Czech, and Hungary resented USSR ruleHungarians revolted, Khrushchev responded with forceHungary tried to withdraw from the Warsaw pactIke opted NOT to support the rebels for fear of starting WWIIIBecause of this and the U2 spy plane incident, Ike withdrew from the Test Ban Treaty SummitSlide10
Europe
Hungary 1956U2 spy plane incident (1960)—set back talks between Khrushchev and IKE
Francis Gary Powers
Spy Plane
Hungarian revolutionSlide11
U2 Incident
The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on 1 May 1960, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and during the leadership of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over the airspace of the Soviet Union.The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its intact remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers, as well as photos of military bases in Russia taken by Powers. Coming roughly two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit in Paris, the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union.Slide12
Suez Canal 1956-1957
Nasser (Egypt) – tried to use the US/USSR rivalry to his advantageUS/GB initially offered to fund a dam on the NileIt’s nationalized = placed under gov’t controlIKE refuses to support Brit and French (who had joined forces with Israel)Significance – first time oil as a resource is used as a bargaining tool for diplomacySlide13
Iran -
Brings the first involvement of the CIA in the overthrow of a foreign governmentUS wanted to replace a Marxist leaderWe install Shah Rezi PahlaviHe will remain in power there until 1979Slide14
Middle East
Iran (1953)Suez Crisis (1956)Eisenhower Doctrine Lebanon (1958)
Suez Canal
Eisenhower sends troops and aid to Lebanon.
Shah PahlaviSlide15
Cold War competition = Progress Through Science
1951 --
First IBM Mainframe Computer
1952 --
Hydrogen Bomb
Test
1953 --
DNA
Structure Discovered
1954 --
Salk Vaccine
Tested for Polio
1957 -- First Commercial
U. S. Nuclear
Power Plant
1958 --
NASA
Created
1959 -- Press Conference of the
First 7
American AstronautsSlide16
Progress Through Science
1957
Russians launch
SPUTNIK I
1958
National Defense
Education ActSlide17
R.I.P. LaikaSlide18
Progress Through Science
UFO Sightings
skyrocketed in the 1950s.
War of the Worlds
Hollywood used aliens as a metaphor
for whom
??Slide19
Progress Through Science
Atomic Anxieties
:
“Duck-and-Cover
Generation”
Atomic Testing
:
1946-1962
U. S. exploded 217
nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada.Slide20
The 50s Come to a Close
1959
Nixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
Cold War
----->
Tensions
<-----
Technology
& AffluenceSlide21
Cold War competitive energies
Space race/technologiesreflected in the rise of science fictionKitchen debates—Nixon and Khrushchevhttp://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=176Slide22
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6RLCw1OZFw
(1:30 minutes in for tv remark)Slide23Slide24Slide25
Eisenhower Legacy
Eisenhower warns of the growing power of the “military-industrial Complex”:connection of the Armed Forces and Defense Industrieshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y06NSBBRtY