PPT-Eukaryotic Gene Structure

2 Terminology Genome entire genetic material of an individual Transcriptome set of transcribed sequences Proteome set of proteins encoded by the genome Gene Basic physical and functional units of heredity. for Biotechnology. Central Dogma. The direction of the . flow of genetic information. is from DNA to RNA to polypeptide.. DNA Replication. Initiation and Unwinding of DNA. DNA . gyrase. . (. topoisomerase. Alexey Onufriev, . Virginia Tech. www.cs.vt.edu/~onufriev. Proteins play key roles in a living system. Three (out of many many) examples of protein functions. Catalysis:. Almost all chemical reactions in a living cell are catalyzed by protein enzymes.. Alexey Onufriev, . Virginia Tech. www.cs.vt.edu/~onufriev. Proteins play key roles in a living system. Three (out of many many) examples of protein functions. Catalysis:. Almost all chemical reactions in a living cell are catalyzed by protein enzymes.. Teachable Unit. Gene Expression Team. NANSI 2013, University of Minnesota. Participants: Michael Burns, Lucy He, David Kirkpatrick, Bridget Lear, Tamar Resnick, Turk Rhen. Facilitators: Judy Ridgway, Sue Wick. Structure dictates function . Prokaryotic transcription is simpler. DNA exists in one chromosome . Less non-coding sequence. RNA polymerase binds the promoter directly. Genes are clustered into functional groups called operons. Gene Expression. Gene Expression. Transcription. Splicing. Polyadenylation. mRNA Stability. Translation. Protein Stability. Controls on Protein Levels. Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter. Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter. BMI/CS 776 . www.biostat.wisc.edu/bmi776/. Spring . 2018. Anthony Gitter. gitter@biostat.wisc.edu. These slides, excluding third-party material, are licensed under . CC BY-NC 4.0. by Mark Craven, Colin Dewey, and Anthony Gitter. Central Dogma. The direction of the . flow of genetic information. is from DNA to RNA to polypeptide.. DNA Replication. Initiation and Unwinding of DNA. DNA . gyrase. . (. topoisomerase. ) unwinds the DNA coil.. . Essam. Replication of DNA in eukaryotic cells. The essential steps of replication are the same as in prokaryotes. Starting replication is more complex in eukaryotes. At the origin of replication, a pre-replication complex is made with other initiator proteins. Other proteins are then recruited to start the replication process. The overall process is the same, although differently named enzymes fulfill the same function. The first important difference is in the polymerases. So far, 15 kinds of polymerases were isolated from the eukaryotic cells. Amongst the most important are. Edward . Marcotte. , . Univ. of Texas at Austin. Lots of genes in every genome. Nature Reviews Genetics . 13:329-342 (2012). Do humans really have the biggest genomes?. Genome . size . ranges vary widely across organisms. P & E UKARYOTIC C ELLS  As you have already learned, everything is made up of living cells.  And the cells themselves are made up of many different parts .  There are many different cell histones. (50%). Five major . histones. ; H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and H1 highly basic (. Arg. and Lys >25%). Roger Kornberg in 1974; . Chromatin. is made up of repeating units called . nucleosomes. , each containing 200 . A single guiding RNA (sgRNA; . a fusion of . tracrRNA. and crRNA. ) . binds CAS9 protein at one end, the other end guides CAS9 to target DNA sequence based on complementarity. . Gene for the CAS9 protein, encodes endonuclease, cuts both strands of the target sequence. Biology / Bioinformatics . . Edward . Marcotte. , . Univ. of Texas at Austin. Lots of genes in every genome. Nature Reviews Genetics . 13:329-342 (2012). Do humans really have the biggest genomes?.