History of Computing - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

History of ComputingSlide2

The Abacus

May have been invented in Babylonia in the fourth century B.C.

Helps the user remember the current state of the calculation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulier1.JPGSlide3

Napier’s Bones

Invented by John Napier in the 1600s

Simplifies multiplication and division

Based on logarithms

http://isolatium.uhh.hawaii.edu/m198/w9/bones.gifSlide4

Pascal Calculator

Invented by

Blaise Pascal in 1642Could add and subtract directly

Develeped to reduce the workload of his father who was a tax commissioner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpgSlide5

Jacquard Loom

Mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804

Controlled by punch cards that describe the design of the textile

Precursor to programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpgSlide6

Babbage’s Difference Engine

Design by Charles Babbage in 1820 or 1821

Mechanical calculator to print astronomical tables

Next idea is the analytical enginehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlbQsKpq3Ak

http://history-computer.com/Babbage/Images/analiytical_engine1.jpgSlide7

Ada

Lovelace

Augusta Ada Byron described on the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.”

Published an analysis of the Analytical Engine. In it she outlines the fundamentals of computer programming, including data analysis, looping and memory addressing.

http://www.fathom.com/feature/122251/3134_adalovelace_LG.htmlSlide8

Konrad

ZuseAlmost is unanimously accepted as the inventor of the first programmable computer

The Z3 was completed in 1941http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a6HMqsYnxk

http://www.konrad-zuse.de/Slide9

Atanasoff

-Berry Computer

The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first fully electronic computing device. It was successfully tested in 1942.

The ABC used binary arithmetic, electronic switching, and stored programs.The ABC had been examined by John

Mauchly

in June 1941

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyxGIbtMS9E

http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Progress.htmlSlide10

Colossus

Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by December of 1943

The Colossus machines were by British

codebreakers to help read encrypted German messages during World War II.An improved Colossus Mark 2 first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy Landings.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpgSlide11

The Harvard Mark I

Designed in the 1930s by Howard Aiken. Built in collaboration with IBM

Handled 23-digit numbers and performed all four arithmetic operations

http://www.sviokla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/1944_harvard_markI_large2.jpgSlide12

Grace Murray Hopper

A pioneer in the field. Worked on the Mark I

“It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission”

Developed COBOL

U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph

NH 96919-KN

Slide13

The First Bug

Discovered a moth stuck in a relay

She remarked that they were “debugging” the system”

U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph NH 96566-KNSlide14

ENIAC

In April 1943, the Army contracted with the Moore School to build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).

John

Mauchly led the conceptual design while J. Presper Eckert led the hardware engineering on ENIAC.

Programming was initially accomplished with patch cords and switches, and reprogramming took days.

U.S. Army Photo" from K.

KempfSlide15

Mauchly

and Eckert

John Mauchly and J. Presper

Eckert designed ENIAC, as well as EDVAC, BINAC, and the UNIVAC I the first commercial computer made in the US.Together they started the first computer company, the Eckert-Mauchley

Computer Corporation (EMCC), and pioneered fundamental computer concepts.

Mauchley’s

visit to

Atanasoff

to see the ABC led to a lawsuit.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4wQJfdhOlU

http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwmconc.htmlSlide16

Women and Programming

Interestingly most of the programming of the early computers were done by women.

Men built the hardware, women did most of the programming

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Jh5SCM75Xg

U.S. Army Photo" number 163-12-62.Slide17

John Von Neumann

A mathematician who made major contributions to a vast range of fields

Was a key player in the development of the atomic bomb

Credited with developing the stored program concept.Worked with Mauchley

and Eckert on EDVAC

http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIFSlide18

UNIVAC

The UNIVAC I (

UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J.

Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Design work was begun by their company, Eckert-

Mauchly

Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand.

The first UNIVAC was delivered to the United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951

Department of the Army, Ballistic Research Laboratories Slide19

IBM and the Seven Dwarfs

In 1964, IBM owned 70% of the computing market

There were seven other companies producing a competing product:

Remington RandBurroughsNCRControl Data CorporationGeneral Electric

RCA

HoneywellSlide20

IBM 700/7000 Series

The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm704.gifSlide21

IBM 360 Series

The IBM System/360 (S/360) was a mainframe computer system family first announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and sold between 1964 and 1978

It was the first family of computers designed to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific

The chief architect of the S/360 was Gene Amdahl, and the project was managed by Fred Brooks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpgSlide22

The Transistor

Vacuum tubes were extremely unreliable, used too much power and produced too much heat

The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs by a team led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley

http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.htmlSlide23

The Integrated Circuit

Transistors had become commonplace they were smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. But there was a limit on how small you could make each transistor.

Jack

Kilby in 1958 working at Texas Instruments realized that all parts of a circuit, not just the transistor, could be made out of silicon by September 12 he had built a working modelIn January of 1959, Robert

Noyce

working at Fairchild Semiconductor also realized a whole circuit could be made on a single chip.

http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/downloadphotos.shtmlSlide24

Digital Equipment Corporation

Founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson in 1958

Sold minicomputers. Probably the most famous were the PDP and VAX computers

In 1984 introduced networking to their computers. They were the 5th company to register a .com domain name.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDP-8.jpgSlide25

The Altair

The MITS Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975 based on the Intel 8080 CPU

The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the microcomputer revolution of the next few yearsSlide26

Microsoft

Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800

IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).

For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, which IBM rebranded to PC-DOS.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izrlj2Swsbc

http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/presskits/leadership/gallery.mspxSlide27

Apple

Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne

The Apple I personal computer kit was hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club

The Lisa in 1983 became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI

In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I.jpgSlide28

IBM PC

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981.

Made of off the shelf parts and had an open architecture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm_pc_5150.jpgSlide29

Further Resources

Triumph of the Nerds (PBS)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi-g0ievM-4&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKw3KM3MmLo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com

/

watch?v

=

qrnmMgBBfNI

The Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)Slide30

Xerox Star

Introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. It was the first commercial system to incorporate

A bitmapped displayA window-based graphical user interface

IconsFoldersMouseEthernet networking

File servers, print servers and e-mail.

Not meant to be a stand-alone computer, but to be part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_Xerox_8010%2B40_brochure_front.jpgSlide31

Influence of the Star

Was the blueprint for what we call a computer today

Members of the Apple Lisa team saw Star at its introduction at NCC '81 and converted their desktop manager to an icon-based interface modeled on the Star

Microsoft worked with Apple Computer to develop several Desk Accessories and other minor pieces of software that were included with early Macintosh system softwareLarry Tesler

left Xerox to join Apple in 1980 and joined the Lisa team

Charles Simonyi left to join Microsoft in 1981. He later led the development of Microsoft office.Slide32

The Internet

The origins of the Internet reach back to research in the 1960s commissioned by the United States government

Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned

Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Internet.jpgSlide33

The World Wide Web

Arthur C. Clarke predicted that satellites would one day

"bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to our fingertips”

Tim Berners-Lee developed the system that we refer to as the world wide web.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee.jpgSlide34

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, where shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.

Details are abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.

The picture on the right is one of Google's data centers in Oregon, which is the size of a football field and holds thousands of servers.

Craig

Mitchelldyer

/Getty ImagesSlide35

iPod

The iPod is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched on October 23, 2001

Still a computer, but looks very different. Focuses on one application instead of being general purpose

http://www.flickr.com/photos/84018923@N00/338087372/Slide36

iPad

A tablet computer designed and developed by Apple marketed as a platform for audio and visual media such as books, periodicals, movies, music, and games, as well as web content

Controlled by a multi-touch display

Uses Wi-Fi or a 3G mobile data connection to connect to the Internet

http://www.apple.com/ipad/Slide37

StartrekSlide38

A Review

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfU___GMMJw&feature=related