Imperialist policies and practices - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Imperialist policies and practices

Chapter 8 – Unit 2Slide2

Chapter Focus

We will examine the Chapter Focus question, How well has Canada addressed the impacts of imperialism by focusing on:

European imperialist polices and proceduresthe consequences of these policies and practicesAttempts to right the wrongs of the pastSlide3

Imperialist Policies and Practices

In previous chapters we studied industrialization and the rapid expansion of European Powers.

We saw that during periods of colonization, many European policies and practices were driven by desire for economic and territorial expansion often at the cost of the indigenous cultures.Slide4

Imperial Economic Expansion in North America

European global expansion began in the 15th century.

Europeans discovered that the world was rich in natural resources, such as cod off the coast of Newfoundland, gold in Central and South America, and spices in Asia.

The desire to obtain more of these resources drove European governments to increase the size of their empires. They pursued imperialist policies to expand their economic opportunities.Slide5

Imperial Economic Expansion in North America

Canada’s history is traced back to British and French imperialist policies of economic and territorial expansion.

France created the colony of New France in 1663 with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier and included Newfoundland, Nova Scotia Great Lakes region, and the Hudson Bay area.

Britain established colonies along the eastern coast of North America. Included – Quebec, Boston, Amsterdam.

These policies and practices were meant to promote settlement, economic development, and military security for French and British citizens.Slide6

French and British Rivalry in North America

The fur trade with Indigenous peoples of North America was important for European economic development and settlement.

Both Britain and France sought to control the fur trade. The Hudson’s Bay Company was created in the late 1600s, and the North West Company was created in 1783.

These companies created an economic and social rivalry between France and Britain. Many First Nations peoples were drawn into the rivalry, which resulted in increased conflict among First Nations. Slide7

New FranceSlide8

Hudson Bay Company

Started traditionally as a fur trading company in the Hudson Bay area.

is the oldest incorporated merchandising company in the English-speaking world.Prince Rupert convinced the King and some nobles to back the exploration venture in search of Furs.

Hudson’s Bay Company – HBC now operates The Bay, Zellers, Home Outfitters.Slide9

Religious Motivation

Religious rivalry between the British and French also contributed to imperialist policies and practices in North America.

The British colonists, who were mostly Protestant, saw French Roman Catholic colonies as a threat to their way of life, and vice versa. Slide10

Changing Policies, Changing Practices

Between 1701 and 1923, the European governments and First Nations peoples made treaties.

First Nations people viewed treaties as sacred agreements between two nations. By signing treaties, the British government indicated that it recognized the nationhood of First Nations peoples and acknowledged their equality as nations.Slide11

Treaties

However, many treaties were misunderstood because of the language barrier. Translators and interpreters were responsible for conveying information to both parties of a treaty, but there was great chance for confusion.

Their cultures believed in sharing land, and this difference in understanding meant that what was written in the treaties did not necessarily represent what First Nations peoples believed they had agreed upon. As these differences became apparent, trust and good faith were lost.Slide12

treaty negotiations at Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, in 1899.Slide13

perspectiveSlide14

Changing policies & practices

The expansion of the European population and economic activity also changed the way the British government viewed and behaved toward First Nations peoples.

Over time, the British ignored or replaced treaties with policies and practices that were more paternalistic.The word paternalistic comes from the Latin root word for “father.” It means to treat someone as a child who needs guidance and discipline.Slide15

Confederation

Canada officially becomes a country on July 1, 1867.

The partnership was created without consulting First Nations peoples.

Canada’s first prime minister, John A. Macdonald, claimed that his government would “do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the inhabitants of the Dominion.”Slide16

Province/Territory

Date

New Brunswick

July 1867

Ontario

July 1867

Quebec

July 1867

Nova Scotia

July 1867

Manitoba

July 1870

NWT

July

1870

British

Columbia

July 1871

PEI

July 1873

Yukon

June 1898

Alberta

September 1905

Saskatchewan

September 1905

NFLD

March 1949

Nunavut

April 1999Slide17

confederation

Parliament passed laws that were written into the Indian Acts of 1876, 1880, 1884, and later.

Replace traditional Aboriginal governments with band councils that had little real power.Take control of resources located on reserves and reserve finances

Forcibly replace Aboriginal concepts of marriage and parenting with European ones.Slide18

CPR – Canadian pacific railway

First Nations cultural groups had occupied the West for thousands of years before European contact.

However, the Europeans and their descendants saw the West as being open for expansion and settlement.The CPR, and the newcomers it brought to the West, had life-changing effects on the First Nations peoples.Slide19

Canadian pacific railway

There was a strategic importance in building a railroad across Canada which the British and Canadian governments were aware of. When the CPR was completed in 1885, Britain considered it a colonial contribution to imperial military and naval strength

.Slide20

Canadian pacific railway

The railway was originally built between eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885.

Fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871.Primarily a freight railway, the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada, and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada.

CP became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada.

Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978. Slide21

Canadian pacific railway

The CPR, and the newcomers to the West changed the First Nations culture in a big way.

3 of the major effects were:Their land being taken away and communities being forced to relocate.

They could not easily move across the land to fish and hunt in order to feed themselves.

Natural resources were being depleted and destroyed in the construction process.Slide22

Comparisons: British Rule in India

North America wasn’t the only area affected by European Imperialism.

British imperialists in India established the British East India Company in 1600.Similar to the Hudson’s Bay Company

in Canada

, the East India Company started as an association of traders. Slide23

British rule in India

The company exercised control over

a land and people largely unknown to the British.Around the turn of

the 20th

century, the issue of British colonization in India was confronted

by a

pacifist leader called Mahatma (“great soul”)

Gandhi.

Gandhi

believed that

the imposition of British culture on Indian citizens was unjust

.

Gandhi spent his life working to

gain independence

for India.Slide24
Slide25

Addressing Effects of Imperialist Policies

The

difficult issues facing Aboriginal peoples and Canadian society today are:l

and

claims on traditional Aboriginal

territory

the

threat to the survival of Aboriginal cultures and languages

.

These issues are just a few consequences of past imperialist

policies and

practices.Slide26

Effects of imperialist policies

What has society done to respond to the consequences of

past imperialist policies and practices?Perspective One: suggests

that

society today

cannot be held responsible for the actions of its ancestors

and therefore

has no responsibility to respond to these issues

.

Pe

rspective Two

:

society must address the consequences of past

imperialist policies

and practices in order to resolve them.Slide27

Aboriginal land claims

The modern era of Aboriginal land claim negotiations began

in 1969.The Nisga’a First Nation in British Columbia claimed it had legal title to its traditional territory

.

The BC Supreme Court

ruled that

the Nisga’a had no legal title, so the group took its case to

the Supreme

Court of Canada.Slide28

Aboriginal land claims

The Supreme Court ruled that the

Nisga’a had a pre-existing title to the land based on their long-time occupation, possession, and use of it.In 1973, the Supreme Court of

Canada ruled

as follows:

“

The fact is that when the settlers came, the

Indians were

there, organized in societies and occupying the land as their

forefathers had

done for centuries. This is what Indian title means.”Slide29

Canada’s 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

In 1996, the Government of Canada created a

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples to investigate the history, contemporary issues, and future of

Canada’s Aboriginal

peoples

.

The Commission issued a report with a series of

recommendations on

how to address the consequences of the past that are

affecting Aboriginal

peoples today.Slide30

Recommendations of

the Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996

That a renewed relationship between Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal

people in Canada

be established

on the basis of

justice and fairness.

That the appropriate place

of Aboriginal

peoples in

Canadian history

be

recognized

That all governments in

Canada recognize

Aboriginal peoples

as nations

vested with the right

of self-determination.