Bureaucratic stuff Ghana Books discussion Brown Bag series HAtlantic in observing America Europe was in the first instance observing itself Sir John Elliott Columbus was involved in the production of wonder ID: 526780
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Slide1
Negotiations of EmpireSlide2
Bureaucratic
stuff
Ghana
Books / discussion
Brown Bag series
H-AtlanticSlide3
“
in observing America, Europe was in the first instance observing itself
.”
Sir John Elliott
Columbus
was involved in “the production of wonder
.”
Stephen
GreenblattSlide4
What did conquest mean?
Conquest equals the mastery of American space
Sir John Elliott: Empires of the Atlantic World
1) symbolic possession
2) physical occupation of the land
3) peopling of the landSlide5
Order and Hierarchy
Tension about proper type of society that should be established in the New World
A) recreation of European societies in the New World
B) these societies to be put under the control of European empires
C) societies that actually developed in the New World diverged from European practiceSlide6
John Winthrop: “in all times, some must be rich, some high and eminent in power and dignity; others mean and in subjection”
A
Modell
of Christian Charity
(1629) Slide7
Authority and the Periphery
Authority flowed not from the centre out towards the periphery but was constructed out of an ongoing series of negotiations, of reciprocal bargaining, between the centre and colonies
Result: conformity to traditional values of order, hierarchy but a willingness to break out of old values and subvert themSlide8
Wallerstein
Origin of "modern world-system" in 16
th
C Western Europe and the Americas
By 19
th
C virtually every area on earth was incorporated into the capitalist world-economy.Slide9
Not homogeneous in cultural, political, and economic terms
Characterized by fundamental differences in
Civilizational
development
Accumulation of political power and capital.Slide10
Not mere residues or irregularities that can and will be overcome
A lasting division of the world in core, semi-periphery and periphery an inherent feature of the world-system
Core high level of technological development and manufactures complex products
Periphery raw materials, agricultural products and cheap labor for the expanding agents of the core.Slide11
core and periphery are not mutually exclusive and fixed
relative to each other and shifting
zone called 'semi-periphery’ acts as a periphery to the core, and a core to the peripherySlide12
Continuing co modification of things, including human labor
Natural resources
land
Labor
human relationships
being stripped of their "intrinsic" value and turned into commodities in a market which dictates their exchange value.Slide13
Spanish Conquests
Caribbean: model for later developments
Crucial features: importance of gold and mining
Urban concentration of Spanish
Development of
encomienda
system – wealth in people rather than in land
Conquest through conversionSlide14
Spanish expansion
Conquest spread from Hispaniola in two great arcs: one to Panama and one to Cuba and then Mexico
Conquest of Mexico 1519-21
Conquest of Peru 1532-33Slide15
Portuguese Encounters and Conquest
Beginnings of expansion 1415 Ceuta, in present day Morocco
Over fifteenth century, moved to Madeira islands, Cape Verde archipelago, Sao Tome and the Principe islands with forts in Morocco, Senegambia and gulf of Guinea
1487
Bartolomeu
Dias crossed into Indian oceanSlide16
Portuguese expansion
1497-99 Vasco
da
Gama’s voyage to India
1500 Portuguese move into Brazil
Reasons for going to Brazil
-counter French colonization
-find gold/silver as the Spanish had done in Potosi
-new sources of income to compensate for declining returns from IndiaSlide17
Portugal: slaves and sugar
1450-1530: shipped 156,000 Africans to Brazil, Atlantic islands and Spanish empire
Growth of sugar in late 16
th
-1570: 60
engenhos
(sugar mills) in Brazil
-1585: 120
engenhos
-1612: 192
engenhos
“Without Angola, no slaves; without slaves; no sugar, without sugar, no Brazil.”Slide18
British Conquest
Jamestown
Pirates
Gold
Tobacco
New
England
Religious persecutionSlide19
France
Geographic
Diversity
Major areas of French Atlantic:
Marseille, Nantes, Bordeaux and Paris
French slaving posts from Senegambia to Benin, especially Fort Saint Louis and
Gor
ée
New France plus Acadia and Terre-
Neuve
(Newfoundland)
Loisiana
Caribbean-Saint
Domingue
, Martinique,
Guadaloupe
and CayenneSlide20
Population
French comparatively small in comparison to British in Americas
-70,000 went to Quebec; 7,000 to other parts of Canada
-300,000 to French Caribbean
African: 1,118,000 to French Caribbean including 800,000 to Saint
DomingueSlide21
Why did so few French go to the Americas?
High chance of death
Limited numbers fleeing religious persecution
Expanding economy in France
Movement of peoples governed by the policies of the French crown and highly centralised French colonial bureaucracy – the MarineSlide22
How much control did the French have over their empire?
Strengths
Theoretically great
tied into a largely mercantilist set of policies and governed by a connected set of legal codes
including the Code Noir “policing the conduct of slaves,”
Network of admiralty courts and a set of legal traditions called the
Coutume
de Paris
Weaknesses
French interior only nominally under its control
North America less control than an “intercultural alliance” and “situation of interdependence”
“intercultural alliances” carried out by Jesuits missionaries and fur traders
not bureaucrats or soldiersSlide23
Differences between empires
Spain – neither a consolidated or a very well integrated state
Portugal – long a unified kingdom with centralising monarchs, John II and Manuel I
England – diverse set of ethnicities and a model of
understatization
France – built upon the principle of incorporation. Large standing officialdom with a large standing armySlide24
Maintaining Rule – Spanish America
Spain was the European nation with the most effective control over their colonies
Discovery of silver and gold
Spanish empire in America a medieval construct –
Edmundo
O’Gorman: “Spanish colonisation is animated by a medieval spirit; whatever it contains that is modern is a blemish in
it
”Slide25
Maintaining Rule – British empire
More control in the peripheries
Colonists’ insistence on enjoyment of all English laws as English subjects
Importance of negotiation and government by consent
Aim of government: emulation of French and especially Spanish modes of colonial government