Premodification Elly van Gelderen - PowerPoint Presentation

1. PremodificationElly van Gelderen18 June 2019University of Frankfurt

2. OutlineArchitecture of the Pre-N DP: expanding DPwhat-for split in Englishadjective-ordering and grammaticalizationthree types of adjectivesAspect and argument structure of deverbal modifiersPast participles modifying unaccusativesChanges in the AS of past participles

3. The degree/number layerEpstein (1999)And CardP + KindP

4. The modifier layerCinque (2010)

5. Demonstratives [i-phi] [i-loc]  article pronoun C copula [u-phi] [i-phi] [u/i-T] [u-T]

6. Features of DP(1) a. I saw that. b. *I saw the. (2) DP DP that D’ D NP [i-loc] D NP the 3S [i-ps] 3S [u-phi]

7. Demonstratives(1) demonstrative/adverb > definite article > Case/non-generic > class marker > 0(2) a. min þæt ungesælige mod =OE my that unhappy spirit b. min ungesælige mod (Gregory's Dialogues, 4.9, from Wood, to appear: 15)(3) gife to … þa munecas of þe mynstre =LOE give to … the monks of the abbey (Peterborough Chron. 656)(4) To frowne vpon th'enrag'd Northumberland =EModE (2Henry4, Shakespeare) (5) Oh they used to be ever so funny houses you know and in them days … They used to have big windows, but they used to a all be them there little tiny ones like that. (BNC - FYD 72)

8. DP Cyclea. DP b. DPdem D'  D' (=HPP) D NP D NP art N  c. DP D' D NP ^ N renewal

9. Renewal (English, Afrikaans, Fr, Scand)mais ma femme elle vivait à ce moment-là encorebut my wife she lived at that moment-DEM still`but my wife was still alive at that moment.’ (Kate Beeching's corpus)

10. I.1 Melanie Hobich’s (2018) workwhat-for split in Emod English(1) What is he for a Ladde you so lament? (OED 1579, Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Apr. f. 12)(2) When the Lacedemonians enquired, what Xenophon was for a man, he answered, that [etc.]. (OED, 1623, Bingham tr. Xenophon Hist. 136)(3) Consider ... how many, and what for Epistles he sent to this very City. (OED, 1657, Buccardus Prayse of Peireskius, Gassendi Mirrour of Nobility 265)(4) What is she for a Woman? (OED, 1707, Cibber Comical Lovers i. 10)(5) What are you for a Lover. (OED, 1708, Brit. Apollo 15–17 Sept)(6) ‘What is that for a Zenobia?’ said Hartley. (OED, 1827, Scott Surgeon's Daughter in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. II. xi. 273)

11. All from non subject-positionsSo, no anti-locality or indeterminacy violationsCf. Wat is dat wat voor een person! *Wat gaan voor mensen weg?The wh- is XP b/c of movement.

12. Variantshas a gloss:(7) Is he for a ladde) A straunge manner of speaking .s. what maner of Ladde is he? (Glosses of E.K)In the text of (4):(8) what for my being disappointed of your Promise.(9) what kind of Woman I am to marry.Also:(10) Thise seven yeer hath seten palamoun Forpyned, what for wo and for distresse. `These seven years Palamon has sat wasted by suffering, what for woe and for distress. (Chaucer, KnT 1452)(11) Is he of Gods making? What manner of man? (Sh)

13. Hobich’s analysis (Roehrs & Sapp, was as head-Q)

14. Is CardP KindP in English (and stage II) and wh in Spec?

15. In OE: what + genitive?c897   K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxi. 164   Hwæt is ðinga þe biterre sie on ðæs lareowes mode..ðonne se anda ðe for ryhtwisnesse bið upahafen?OE   Beowulf 237   Hwæt syndon ge searohæbbendra, byrnum werede?a1225   St. Marher. 4   Hwet godd heiestu ant hersumest?a1300   Cursor Mundi 29034   Quat bote is fra mete to min And dedeli for to lig in sin?1382   Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 John iii. 12   And for what thing slew he him?c1384   Chaucer Hous of Fame ii. 525   ‘And what sovne is it lyke?’ quod hee.c1384   Chaucer Hous of Fame iii. 1058   And eueryche cried, what thing is that? And somme sayde, I not neuer what.a1400–50   Wars Alex. 683   Quat sterne is it at ȝe stody on?a1400  (▸a1325)    Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 13154   What maner þing Rede I aske of þe kyng.

16. Wh: Kind > Degree

17. Bolinger (1972), Corver (2000), Wood (2002), and Vangsnes (2008)

18. Expansion of upper DPKind > Card > DegreeKind is above the Modifier layerWat voor [leuke] boekenIn Emod English, wh = XP and for = KIND

19. I.2 Lydia Grohe’s workAdjective-orderingopinion size appearance speed age pretty, ugly large soft, sweet fast old shape color origin material + N round pink Israeli goldenStage – Individual// Subjective – Objective// Pred-AttrGrammaticalization

20. Expansion of the middle:three Adj + N in COHA

21. Modification by a noun in COHACf. also Biber & Gray 2011

22. Arguments over adjunctsBiology teacher*ian teacher (Christian, Parisian, …)

23. GrammaticalizationOf the lower adjectives, color could grammaticalize:shape color origin material E.g. (1) green affordable housing (2) Red light/herring/warning/alert(3) A blue mood/life/day(4) Grey wisdom/bleakness

24. Shape and color: misaligned?COCA: 45 round blue; 0 blue round and the earlier CLMET: 1-0. But for red: COCA: 31 round red; 6 red round and CLMET: 5-3.Colors are secondary qualities, according to John Locke, and “whatever reality we, by mistake, attribute to [colors, smells, sounds], are in truth nothing in the Objects themselves, but Powers to produce various sensations in us, and depend on those primary Qualities, viz. Bulk, Figure, Texture, and Motion of parts” (1690, Essay II, VIII, 13-14).

25. L1Cinque (2010: 36) refers to Blackwell (2001; 2005) for English and Cardinaletti & Giusti 2007 for Italian that individual level (round, pretty, green) adjectives are earlier than stage level (dirty, happy, sad) ones. So closer to the lexical core is first.What about shape & color? Children pay special attention to object shapes (Landau et al 1988) Expect the reverse order?

26. ‘Middle’ layerNo grammaticalization of color to the left of shape (round + green).round green vs green round in COHA

27. I.3 Priscilla Adenuga’s (2018) workÒgè has attributive adjectives heading the nominal phrase, and these adjectives are nouns.More on the adjective layerAttributive: SL and IL

28. Old Norse and Old EnglishFrom nominalizer, as in Ògè, to a higher slotIn Old Norse and Old English: a nominal attributive modifier in n and a postnominal verbal one. Modern Norwegian and English:No longer nominalizer but higher

29. Weak and strongWeak = nominal and IL(1) þau in stóru skip Old Norse those DEF big.W ships ‘those big ships’ (Hkr I.437.13, Faarlund 2004: 82) Nygaard (1906: 48): "[a]djektivet betegner da en bekjendt egenskab ... eller en egenskap, der tillhører gjenstanden efter dens natur og væsen" (‘the adjective denotes a known characteristic … or a characteristic that belongs to the thing according to its nature’).

30. Strong As are both pre- and post-(2) auðgom manni fyrir wealthy.S man before `before a wealthy man' (Hávamál 70) (3) At hyggiandi sinni scylit maðr hrœsinn vera In thought his should.not man boastful.S be `A man shouldn't be boastful in his thought'. (Hávamál 6) These are SL and RC-like

31. van Gelderen & Lohndal (2008) (1) hinn siðasta vetr DEF last.W winter ‘the last winter’ (Gordon 1956)Weak moves butStrong doesn’t

32. Julien’s (2005: 281) tree for Mod NorwON > Mod Norw.: higher position

33. Adjective layerAdjectives: N, V, ATop and post-N: more RC, SL and verbalizedMiddle pre-N: IL and nominalizedLanguages differ: is IL Nominal?Now we turn to high participial/verbal premodifiers.

34. II.1 Past participle premodifiers and aspectThey have to be RCs because they depend on the argument structure of the noun so the latter has to be an argument.High tree as in Cinque: Actual participle:modified Kratzer (1994)

35. Relation to aspectUnaccusative/unergative: well-knownI add Sorace Hierarchy and some historical reasons

36. Three basic lexical aspectsa. unaccusative, causative: telic/Theme (Causer), e.g. drop, breakb. unergative, transitive: durative/Agent (Theme), e.g. dancec. copula, experiencer subjects: stative/Theme (Experiencer), e.g. feel

37. telic – durative - stativetelic centers around a ThemeThe vase broke – The wind broke the vase unaccusative causativedurative centers around an Agent(2) The president danced – She danced the dance unergative transitivestative has a Theme and experiencer(3) I feared it - It appeared evil subject experiencer copula

38. AcquisitionBloom et al (1980) show that children are conscious of aspectual verb classes very early on. Thus, –ed morphemes go with non-durative events, -ing with durative non-completive activities, and infinitives with stative verbs. Various researchers agree on this, e.g. Broman Olsen & Weinberg (1999) likewise show that a telic verb correlates with the presence of –ed and that –ing is frequent with dynamic and durative verbs.

39. Eve (Brown 1973) at 1;6unaccusative unergative transitive otherblock broke (fish are) swimming Eve pencil that radio(Neil) sit wait, play, cook I did itdown, busy, gone look Eve/you find it Mommy down, open Eve writing see ya come down, stand dance doll eat celery sit down, fall down Mommy step read the puzzle(finger) stuck Mommy swing? change herlie down stool man (no) taste it get her/it fix (it)/ Mommy fix bring it want Mommy letter write a paper man/papa have it (you) find it play (step)

40. Adam (Brown 1973) has drawing at 2;7 and drawed at 4;3, as expected, but many factors are involved.

41. Changes in intransitivesVery predictable change: unaccusative > causative (e.g. dropian `drop’) unergative > transitive (e.g. cidan `quarrel’) Aspect is stableL1 acquisition: unergative and unaccusative are distinguished early on.Copulas and psych-verbs are more complex

42. Argument structure as pre-linguisticArgument structure and lexical aspect are at the basis of our propositions and, without it, there is no meaning. It is likely that AS is part of our larger cognitive system and not restricted to the language faculty. Bickerton (1990: 185) suggests that the “universality of thematic structure suggests a deep-rooted ancestry, perhaps one lying outside language altogether.”

43. If argument/thematic structure predates the emergence of language, an understanding of causation, intentionality, volition - all relevant to determining theta-structure – is part of our larger cognitive system and not restricted to the language faculty. Argument structure is relevant to other parts of our cognitive make-up, e.g. the moral grammar. Gray et al. (2007), for instance, argue that moral judgment depends on mind perception, ascribing agency and experience to other entities. De Waal (e.g. 2006) has shown that chimps and bonobos show empathy, planning, and attribute minds to others.

44. Now to the premodifiers(1) wilted lettuce, elapsed time, a fallen leaf, an escaped convict, a collapsed tent, burst pipes, rotted wood, sprouted wheat, swollen feet, a rusted car, vanished cultures, and expired passport, a failed bank(2) *a run child, *a coughed patient, *a swum contestant, *a flown pilot, *an exercised athlete, *a cried child, *a sung artist, *a yawned student, *a laughed clown.Known since Bresnan (1982) but refined by Levin & Rapaport-Hovav (1986)

45. Sorace HierarchyChange of Location come, arrive, fall UNACCChange of State begin, rise, blossom, dieContinuation of a pre-existing state remain, last, surviveExistence of State exist, please, belongUncontrolled Process cough, laugh, shineControlled Process (motion) run, swim, walk, ring, rumbleControlled Process (non-motion) work, play, talk UNERG

46. In terms of aspect

47. Telic seems relevant

48. Non-core verbs, stative(6) a rested face, rested pride, rested body (COCA)(7) Mr. Ford made it clear that he fully supported a remained commitment toward working for continued relaxation of tensions between the two superpowers (COHA news 1975)Specialized meaning(8) a. hoodlums were hired and carried from one precinct to another, given cards bearing floated names, and sent in to vote as many times as the judge of elections.b. A man came in carrying a floated name, announced himself, and got ready to cast his ballot c. I voted a floated name myself, and I have not to this day seen the address at which .. (all three, Harpers 1931, COHA)

49. Non-core ctd: (9) is specialized as well(9) a. The 10 W has a women's lasted liner and a lower cuff height (COCA, magazine 2003) b. you have this type of foot and need this type of lasted shoe. (COCA, magazine 2002)(10) a. leaving the survived residents with no information on which to rely (COCA, acad 2003) b. when a cabinet ended due to a scheduled election, I put it in the survived cabinet group (COCA, acad 2013)

50. These verbs will give us insightLevin & Rapaport (1986: 654): “[d]istinguishing between the [theta]-roles of the arguments of sleep and rest posses a problem” ; “it is clear that rest is an unaccusative verb whereas sleep is an unergative verb”. Rest: change of state verb. Origin: OE restan means `rest; sleep; die’ but a loan from Anglo-Norman arrest ends up looking like the same verb. ME rest could mean `to spoil, become rancid’, as in (11) and (12). (11) Tak þe venisoun þat ys rest & do yt in cold water`Take the venison that is spoiled and put it in cold water.’(MED, 1381 Dc.257 Cook.Recipes (Dc 257)73.58/2)(12) Caro rancida: rest flesche. (MED, a1425 Roy.17.C.17 Nominale 662/17)

51. Remained very rare, transitive?(18) The Remained Ones (film title 2016)(19) A remained roof, or called a hanging roof, is a common problem in sublevel caving. (https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0128027045)

52. Floated + N is rare, agentive/move(20) and heo fleat ofer þæt wæter to lande. `And she floated over the water to the bank.’(Das altenglische Martyrologium, Kotzor II, 25 Dec)(21) ofer ðæne mægene oft scipu scriðende scrinde fleotað.`And over the sea, the ships go strongly and swiftly.’ (Paris Psalter 103.24).(23) No he wiht fram me flodyþum feor fleotan meahte`He could never move/swim further than I over the water.’ (Beowulf 541)

53. Non-coreStative: marginal and telic helpsVerbs of controlled motion:Swim = too agentiveSpeed = telic

54. Swim(28) Com þa to lande lidmanna helm swiðmod swymman. came then to land seafarer’s leader strong.mood swimming`The seafarer’s leader came to land swimming bold-heartedly.’ (Beowulf 1624)(29) ne on flode swom. nor on water floated`(so that an ox didn’t draw it, nor strong servants), and it didn’t float on water either.’ (Exeter, Riddle 22.13-4)(30) genim doccan oððe clatan þa þe swimman wolde. (c) take sorrel or clote those REL swim would`Take sorrel or clote such that they float.’ (Leechdoms, Cockayne, 50.1.1)

55. Speed(31) a. Speeded naming, frequency and the development of the lexicon in Williams syndrome. (COCA acad 2012) b. Several studies have shown that RT in a speeded classification task produce a more sensitive measure (COCA acad 2012) c. Such tests are called partially speeded tests (COCA acad 2004)OE not motion:(33) Filippe frankæne kyng ne spedde  naht æt ... Philip French king NEG speeded not at `Phillip the French king was not successful at ...’ (DOE, Ker, 1957 331)

56. And speed is still ambiguousthe warmth of the electronics would speed the reaction of the yeast enzymes (COCA 2014)So PP premodifiers follow Sorace Hierarchy if we take telicity into account.Big picture question: How/why does AS plays a role in modification?

57. StructureKratzer (1994), Rapp & von Stechow (1999)

58. II.2 Changes in the AS of premodifying past participlesDo changes in a verb’s argument structure immediately transfer to the related adjective?a. That alien frightens him. object expb. He fears that alien. subject exp

59. Late C14(2) Þa bodan us færdon the messengers us frightened `The messengers frightened us.’ (OED, Ælfric Deut i. 28)(3) And that schold every wys man fere. ‘And that should every wise man fear.’ (MED, a1393 Gower CA Frf 3 2.578)

60. FearfulGentens & Rudanko (2019) focus on the complement choice of the adjective fearful and also show the adjective to have both the old sense of `frightening’ as well as the newer subject experiencer one of `afraid’ in COHA.I examine the history of fearful before COHA and add a discussion on the past participle feared. First the changes.

61. ObjExp to SuExp: loss of telic aspectfæran `frighten’ OE-1480 `fear’ 1400-nowlician `please’ OE-1800 `like’ 1200-nowloathe OE-1600 1200-nowmarvel 1380-1500 1380-nowrelish 1567-1794 1580-nowLoss of causative –i- Many object Experiencer verbs are causative: fǽran < *fæ̂rjan `frighten’

62. `Last’ ObjExp with `fear’(1) Þe fend moveþ þes debletis to fere Cristene [men] fro treuþe. `The enemy moves these devils to frighten Christian men from the truth.’ (MED, a1425 Wycl.Serm. Bod 788 2.328)(2) Thus he shal yow with his wordes fere. `Thus, he’ll frighten you with his words.’ (MED, Chaucer TC 4.1483)The addition of result/instrument in ObjExp emphasizes Change of State in the later stages.

63. Lots of telic markers are `helping’(1) A womans looke his hart enfeares. ‘A woman’s look frightens his heart.’ (OED, 1608)(2) Hou anticrist & his clerkis feren trewe prestis fro prechynge of cristis gospel.`How the antichrist and his clerks frighten true priests from preaching Christ’s gospel.’ (OED, c1380 Wyclif Works)(3) Fere away the euyll bestes. `Frighten the evil animals away.’ (OED, 1504 Atkinson tr. Ful Treat.)(4) If there were nothing else to feare them away from this play. (OED, 1577)

64. Object Experiencers

65. Particles etc are helping with the telicity

66. Ambiguity(1) Thou wenyste that the syght of tho honged knyghtes shulde feare me? `You thought that the sight of those hanged knights should frighten me?’ (MED, a1470 Malory Wks.Win-C 322/17)(2) `Sir,' seyd sir Dynadan ... 'I feare me that sir Palomydes may nat yett travayle.' `Sir, said Sir Dynadan, I fear that Sir Palomydes cannot yet travel.’ (MED, a1470 Malory Wks.Win-C 606/17)

67. Loss of Obj Exp-Possibly, the loss of the –i- causative-Causer seems unstable, e.g. please-has particles and light verbs in ME-learned late

68. AcquisitionEve (Brown 1973) has SuExp like, love, want but not ObjExp anger, scare; her hurt is SuExp initially. Eve love crayon (1;9), want mommy letter (1;6),want watch (1;6), want mommy out (1;6), want lunch, want down, want mommy read (1;6) ... but: hurt xxx self (1;7), hurt knee (1;9), I hurt my finger (1;11)Sarah has early want (2;3), love (2;5), and hurt as in: I hurt again (2;9.6). Her scare is late at 3;7:to scare me on the dark (3;7.16)

69. Current changes: ExpSu>Agent?(1) I am liking/loving/hating it.E.g. in COCA:(2) how I got guard duty and how I'm going to be hating that and totally tired. (3) and I am liking what I see in the classrooms(4) lately we've been loving broccoli rabe, which (5) And so everybody in town was knowing that this was happening (6) I've been fearing the answers.

70. Renewal of Object Experiencers anger, scare 1200 Old Norse astonish 1375 unclear grieve 1330 French please 1350 Anglo-Norman irritate 1531 Latin frighten 1666 internal change stun 1700 internal change worry 1807 internal change

71. Agent/Cause and Th > Th/Cause and Exp(1) a. They kill it [a fish] by first stunning it with a knock with a mallet. (OED 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy & Trav. Ambassadors 165) b. The ball, which had been nearly spent before it struck him, had stunned instead of killing him. (OED, 1837 Irving Capt. Bonneville I. 271)Why doe Witches and old women, fascinate and bewitch children? (OED 1621 R. Burton Anat Melancholy i. ii. iii. ii. 127)Haspelmath (2001), based partly on Cole et al (1980), suggests two changes: (a) Experiencer Objects first acquire subject behavior. (b) Verbs change from concrete to abstract, e.g. fascinate and stun originally mean `to bewitch’ and `to deprive of consciousness or of power of motion by a blow’, respectively

72. Changes in lexical aspect ObjExp stun fear `frighten’ >telic >stative SuAg SubExp see/like/think >durative (mediated by –ing?)

73. Now to premodifiers in MEObjExp(4) Thei the feerful thonder maken. `They make the terrifying thunder.’ (MED, a1393, Gower CA (Frf 3)7.306)SuExp(5) Wiþ ferful mod my tale i telle. `With a fearing heart, I tell my tale.’ (MED, c1390 Fadur and sone (Vrn)56)

74. This continues(6) Now {Yorke}, or neuer, steele thy fearfull thoughts `Now or never, steel your fearing thoughts.’ (2H6, 3.1.331)(7) A fearful army, led by Caius Marcius Associated with Ausidius, rages `A terrifying army, … , rages (Cor, 4.6.75)

75. Slow change: what does that mean?The CLMET (1710-1920) confirms this continued use, as does a look at the 66 instances of fearful in the COCA spoken corpus. The noun modified represents the Experiencer, as in (8), but also the older Causer, as in (9).(8) A fearful American public (COCA spoken 2014)(9) that normal' is often a numbing and fearful place to be (COCA spoken 2001)

76. Very different with past participle = Th(10) he was one of the most feared men in Boston. (COCA spoken 2008)(11) She is seven months pregnant with feared complications (COCA spoken 1990)(12) that person is now ready to take that step and confront the feared situation of their own accord (COCA spoken 2008)(13) a feared force formed by one of Saddam's sons (COCA spoken 2003)

77. Interesting about feared is that, in the MED, it is not used attributively and is only used in the old meaning of `frightened’, as in (14), where the modified noun is the Experiencer of the verb. (14) So fered for berkyng of the dogges, … `So frightened by the barking of the dogs, …’ (MED, c1390, Chaucer CT.NP.B.4576)According to the OED, the first use of feared where the participle modifies a Theme noun is (15) from the 16th century.(15) Their professed and feared Enemies. (OED, 1599, E. Sandys Europæ Speculum)

78. loathe(20) Þa Cassander þæt geascade þæt hio ðæm folce laðade, þa gegaderade he fird.Then Cassander that asked that they displeased that people (OED, c893, Orosius Hist. iii. xi. §5)(21) Wel late he latheð uuel werc, þe ne mei hit don ne mare. `Very late, he loathes evil doings, that (he) cannot do it anymore.’ (OED, a1200 Poema Morale 128)

79. Predicative first(22) His compaignye is vn-to folkis lothid. (OED, a1420, Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 542)(23) I demaunde you Scipion and Lelius if the olde age of such as delited them in the labourage of londes semyth unto you to be wretched or lothfull. (1481, Tiptoft tr. Cicero Tulle on Friendship (Caxton) f 3 b)

80. Changes in lexical aspect (van Gelderen 2018)Unaccusative verbs > adding light verbs + labile and unergatives > transitive Unaccusatives > copulas Unaccusatives ̸̸> unergatives; Unergatives ̸̸> unaccusativesPsych-verbs: ObjExp > SuExp; but not the other way round.Psych-verb and copula: Theme is crucial and stable but aspect is affected by animacy hierarchies.

81. Conclusion to II.2Feared: lags behind the verb but does change.Some directions to go with past participlesWhat happens if causer gets added, e.g. to drop?What do the affixes do? –able, -ful, -some-able could be with intransitives: you have been deceivable.

82. General conclusionPre-nominal DP and grammaticalizationwhat-for split in Englishadjective-ordering and grammaticalizationthree types of adjectivesAspect and argument structure of deverbal modifiersPast participles modifying unaccusativesChanges in the AS of past participles