Revolutions Enlightenment Ideas writings of John Locke Voltaire amp Jean Rousseau Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions ID: 697139
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Slide1
Causes of Latin AmericanRevolutions
Enlightenment
Ideas
writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
Creole
discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.
Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.Slide2
Latin American Revolutions!Slide3
Toussaint L’Ouveture
Leads a Revolution
in Haiti
(1804) Slide4
SIMON BOLIVAR
* Called the “George Washington of South America.”
* Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia
* Plan for a federated Latin America was crushed by political in-fighting.
* Elite Creole planter
Military General
LEADERSSlide5
Simón Bolivar Meets José de San MartinSlide6
JOSE DE SAN MARTIN
* Creole officer who had trained in European armies.
* Liberated Argentina from Spanish control.
* Met with Bolivar in Guayaquil in 1822. While Bolivar favored democracy, San Martin felt only monarchy could work. Turned over command.
* Died in obscurity in Europe.
LEADERSSlide7
Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!Slide8
Bolivar’s AccomplishmentSlide9
Bolivar’s Failure
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!Slide10
LatinAmerican
States
After the
Revolutions
Slide11
MIGUEL HIDALGO
* Highly educated Creole priest assigned to town of Dolores.
* September 16, 1810: El Grito de Dolores.
* Led a rag-tag army toward Mexico City, unleashing mass slaughter of peninsulares in path.
* Never made it to the capital -- Captured and shot in 1811.
Hidalgo rang the church bell and called upon his mestizo and indigenous parishioners to take up arms against the Spanish.
LEADERSSlide12
Resultsof theLatin AmericanRevolutionsSlide13
1. Brazil Freed from Portugal
The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I
set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.Slide14
2. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese Latin America
By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.
Toussaint
L’Ouveture
– Haiti
Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!Slide15
3. No Unity!
Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
By 1830s,
geographic factors
(
mts.
, the Amazon, etc.) plus
cultural differences
defeated attempts at unification.
Gran Columbia.
United Provinces of Central America.Slide16
4. Independence Brought More Poverty
The wars disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.Slide17
5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHO WERE THEY?:
Mid-19c dictators
m
ilitary authoritarianism.
Mostly wealthy
creole
aristocrats.
Immediately followed the fight for independence.
Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people.Slide18
5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHO WERE THEY?:
BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights.
Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [
nepotism
].
Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [
coup
d’etats
!]Slide19
POLITICAL: THE CAUDILLOS
* By 1830, nearly all Latin American countries were ruled by caudillos.
* The upper classes supported dictatorship because it kept the lower classes out of power.
* The lower classes did not have experience with democracy. Dictatorship seemed normal.
WHY?
EFFECTSSlide20
THE QUESTION OF LAND
* Thus, the creoles replaced the peninsulares at the top of the social pyramid, but other classes remained at the bottom of the ladder.
* Once the Spaniards were expelled, the new governments seized their lands and put them up for sale, BUT….only the creoles could afford to buy them.
NO!
EFFECTS
AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE?
Slide21
ECONOMIC: ONE-CROP ECONOMIES
* Now that trade was not restricted to the mother country, the U.S. and Great Britain became the new countries’ major trading partners.
* A colonial economy continued…Latin America mainly exported cash crops and raw materials while importing manufactured goods.Slide22
AN IMBALANCE OF TRADE
* As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure.
* When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.Slide23
What is the Message?Slide24
The Caribbean:An “American Lake”Slide25
“The Colossus of the North”
US dominated affairs in the
Americas.
1823 –
Monroe Doctrine
.US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.
US gains independence for Cuba.
Roosevelt Corollary
– US will police
the America.
US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.US built
Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”Slide26
SummaryBeforeAfter
Political
Economic
Social
Dictatorship of the Council of the Indies and the Viceroys
Unequal trade relationship with Spain benefiting
Native Spaniards at the top of the social ladder, followed by creoles, and with the rest of the population at the bottom
Dictatorship of the Caudillos
Unequal trade relationship with Great Britain and the U.S. benefiting
Creoles at the top of the ladder with the rest of the population at the bottom.Slide27
The Panama CanalSlide28
“Big Stick” Foreign PolicySlide29
INTERNATIONAL: THE MONROE DOCTRINE
“The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” -
James Monroe
,
1823Slide30
WHY?
* The War of 1812 with Britain had shown the U.S. that some-times revolutionary victories could lead to sequels.
* The U.S. had political and economic interests in keeping Europe out of the Western hemisphere. From 1823 on, it would be the U.S.’ backyard.
* Though the U.S. did not have the muscle to back up its threats, Great Britain agreed to support the Monroe Doctrine due to its new favorable trading position in Latin America.
EFFECTS