Latin American Independence Movements - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Latin American Independence Movements

1791-1845Slide2

Independence Movements in Latin America

European domination of Latin

America

Spread

of Enlightenment

ideasAmerican and French revolutionsGrowth of nationalism in Latin America

People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injusticesRevolutionary leaders emergeNapoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king

Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in HaitiBolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin AmericaColonial rule ends in much of Latin America

Attempts made to rebuild economies18 separate republics set upContinuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments and to gain economic independence

Immediate Effects

Long-Term Effects

Long-Term Causes

Immediate CausesSlide3

Latin American S

ocial Classes

Peninsulares

:

men born in Spain or Portugal who held highest offices and important military and political positionsCreoles : Spaniards born in the Latin American colonies who were officers in army, but not in government. They controlled

much of the land and business in the colonies, but they deeply resented power of the peninsulares.Mestizos: made up the majority of the society because it was mixed European and Indian. They worked as servant to the peninsulares and Creoles and as plantation overseers and farmhands.

Mulatto-European and African mixed ancestryNative Americans/Africans were the lowest society group but also the largest. They were not known as citizens but did much labor. Slide4

What Caused Discontent in Latin America?

By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule.

Peninsulares

were those born of Spanish parents in Spain; therefore, they had the most wealth, education, & status*Creoles resented their second-class status

. Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power available to whites. Native Americans suffered economic misery under the Spanish. Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed for freedom.

3Slide5

Toussaint

L’OuvertureFirst to Gain

Independence!

In 1791,

Toussaint

L’Ouverture led slaves in revolt. By 1798, enslaved Haitians had been freed. In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti. They failed (yellow fever).Napoleon’s forces agreed to a truce, or temporary peace

(arrest Toussaint- dies in French prison 1803). In 1804, Haitian leaders declared independence. HaitiSlide6

Look Familiar…???Slide7

Revolutions

in South America

1808

- Napoleon controlled Spain-

this allowed revolutionary leaders to take

advantage of Spain’s weakness.1810- Simon Bolivar leads revolutions against Spanish rule for over

10 years. Came to be called “The Liberator” and “The George Washington of South America.”During this time Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.Bolivar then joined forces with Jose de San Martin-

who had already liberated Argentina and Chili from Spanish rule.Slide8

Bolivar’s goal of creating a unified South American country did not happen. Rivalries and cultural differences resulted in the creation of many different

countries.

Brazil

gained its independence without bloodshed.

In

1822 Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. Slide9

Mexico

Father Miguel Hidalgo was a Mexican priest who was the leader of the Mexican war for

Independence.

Hidalgo’s

goals were political freedom, an end to slavery, and improvements to living conditions for Mexico’s poor and revolt was the only way to bring

changeFather Hidalgo raised armies of free Mexicans and swept through parts of Mexico and killed many Spaniards. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Slide10