Phrases, Clauses and - PowerPoint Presentation

Phrases, Clauses and Sentences PREPARED BY SENGHOR LAY SENGHOR LAY 1 CUE

What is a phrase? Definition: A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word. A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject and a predicate.SENGHOR LAY 2 CUE

KINDS OF PHRASE 9 NOUN PHRASE VERB PHRASE ADJECTIVE PHRASE ADVERB PHRASE PRE. PHRASE INFINITIVE PHRASE GERUND PHRASE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE PAST PARTICIPLE PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 3 CUE

What is a noun phrase? Definition: A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of noun. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun.SENGHOR LAY 4 CUE

STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASE Noun pre-modifier Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers. ( modify means to limit, restrict, characterize, or otherwise focus meaning ) All of pre-modifiers that are present and noun together form A NOUN PHRASE. SENGHOR LAY 5 CUE

SENGHOR LAY 6 Noun post-modifier Modifiers coming after a noun are called post-modifiers. Ex- white house, the three old democratic legislators… NOUN PHRASE PRE-MODIFIER + NOUN CUE

SENGHOR LAY 7 The most common post- modifier is Ex- The glass on the table, the boy in the store…………. NOUN PHRASE NOUN + POST-MODIFIER Prepositional phrase CUE

SENGHOR LAY 8 Ex- The boy on the top of the house……………. The overhead projector on the ceiling…… The teacher next to the window…………… NOUN PHRASE Pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier CUE

EXPENSION OF NOUN PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 9 NOUN PHRASE NOUN PRONOUN PERSONAL PERSON DETERMINER + NOUN DETERMINER + ADJ + N DET + ADJ + PRESENT .P + N DET + NOUN + PRE.P DET + ADJ + N + PRE.P DET + ADJ + PRESENT .P +N + PRE.P CUE

What is a determiner? SENGHOR LAY 10Definition: Determiner is a word that is used to clarify the noun. To define something or someone To state possessive To state how things or people are distributed To state someone or something is not specific To state the amount of people, things or other nouns To state something or someone is specific To state the difference between noun CUE

DETERMINER SENGHOR LAY 11 DETERMINER ARTICLES ( a, an, the) DEMONSTRATIVES POSSESSIVE ( my, your) QUANTIFIERS ( few, much) NUMBERS ( one, two…...) ORDINALS ( first, second…….) CUE

KINDS OF DETERMINER SENGHOR LAY 12 3 PRE-DETERMINER CENTRAL DETER- POST-DETERMINER CUE

What is a pre-determiner? SENGHOR LAY 13Definition: A pre-determiner is a word that is used to put in front of other determiners in noun phrase. Pre-determiner can beEx- all the children, both the boys, half the children The subset ( all, both, half…..) CUE

SENGHOR LAY 14 Ex- once a day, twice a day, thrice a day…………… Ex- one-tenth the speed, two-third the time………….. Multipliers that consisting of ( once, twice, thrice ) Fraction other than half ( one-tenth, two-third…) CUE

SENGHOR LAY 15 Ex- They now earn double their previous salary. Ex- ten times the fatalities, three times a day four times each month……………………….. The subset ( double, treble, quadruple…) Multiplying expression headed by times CUE

SENGHOR LAY 16 Ex- what a day, what a happy occasion, such a friend Exclamation ( what which ) can precede the indefinite article CUE

What is a central determiner? SENGHOR LAY 17Definition: A central determiner is a word that is used to put after pre-determiner ( not all). Ex- four time a day, two- third the time…….. CUE

CENTRAL DETERMINERS SENGHOR LAY 18 CENTRAL DETERMINERS ARE ARTICLES DEMONSTRATIVES POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS INTERROGATIVE DETERMINERS NOMINAL RELATIVE DETERMINERS ( WHICH) RELATIVE DETERMINERS WH-CONDITIONAL DETERMINER ( WHAT) INDEFINITE DETERMINER ( some, any) CUE

What is a post-determiner? SENGHOR LAY 19Definition: A post-determiner is a word that is used to put after pre-determiner and central determiner. Ex- all my six children, all my two brothers…………. Cardinals CUE

SENGHOR LAY 20 Ex- her twenty-first birthday……………………….. Ex- both her other daughter………………………….. Ex- all your few suggestions…………………………… Primary ordinals General ordinals Primary quantifiers CUE

What is a modifier? SENGHOR LAY 21Definition: A modifier is a word or sentence element that is used to limit or qualify another word, a phrase or a clause. FORMS OF MODIFIER ADJECTIVE ADVERB CUE

KINDS OF MODIFIER SENGHOR LAY 22 MODIFIER PRE-MODIFIER POST-MODIFIER CUE

What is a pre-modifier of noun? SENGHOR LAY 23Definition: A pre-modifier of noun is a word that is used to put before noun and modify noun. PRE-MODIFIER OF NOUN CAN BE Ex- one single blood-pressure measurement………… ADJECTIVE OR ADJECTIVE PHRASE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 24 Ex- It is a hundred and fifty pound job…………… Ex- the coming weeks…………………………………….. Ex- wasted natural resources…………………………… NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE -ING PARTICIPLE -ED PARTICIPLE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 25 Ex- the old soldier’s way…………………………… Ex- six essays…………………………………………… Ex- the then managing editor…………………….. GENITIVE NOUN PHRASE NUMERAL ADVERB CUE

SENGHOR LAY 26 Ex- behind- the- scenes negotiation………………….. Ex- It is required to allow updating and track entries by data from several sensors using a read and lock procedure call. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE CLAUSE CUE

What is a post-modifier of noun? SENGHOR LAY 27Definition: A post-modifier of noun is a word that is used to put after noun. Post-modifier of noun can beEx- It is just a question of which is the more efficient approach. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 28 Ex- We don’t have a constitution which stops government from legislating certain things. Ex- The air mass bringing the coldest temperatures is the polar continental mass which comes in from the Soviet Union. FINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 29 Ex- It is a school project planned for mine. Ex- And again Fred when is the time to do it. RELATIVE -ED PARTICIPLE CLAUSE RELATIVE INFINITIVE CLAUSE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 30 Ex- It is really shorthand for the view that well-being depends on more than the absence of the disease.Ex- ………………….so you arrived the day before did you. APPOSITIVE FINITE CLAUSE ADVERB CUE

SENGHOR LAY 31 Ex- Ohm let me fine you something ethnic. Ex- He is in his address this morning. ADJECTIVE NOUN PHRASE CUE

FUNCTION OF NOUN PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 32 NOUN PHRASE CAN BE USED Ex- My old laptop is not working now. 1- SUBJECT CUE

SENGHOR LAY 33 Ex- …………………..sign your name there. Ex- I always tell people the truth when I was young. 2- DIRECTIVE OBJECT 3- INDIRECT OBJECT CUE

SENGHOR LAY 34 Ex- Uh faith has been a gift for you. Ex- I called this little talk a survey of global economic crisis. 4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE 5- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 35 Ex- Ohm but why isn’t it in French. Ex- Simon is on this revision course. 6- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION 7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 36 Ex- You are a teacher of English, Dad. Ex- The flag goes up far side. 8- VOCATIVE 9- ADVERBIAL CUE

SENGHOR LAY 37 Ex- The plane was 4 hours late. Ex- He revealed Washington had informed Pakistan an hour before the start of assault. 10- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE 11- PRE- MODIFIER OF PREPOSITION CUE

SENGHOR LAY 38 Ex- Now Mercedes have always been good at insulting their car but they are gone a stage further with this. Ex- Women may suffer from lack of acceptable because too many of men their ages are dead. 12- PRE-MODIFIER OF ADVERB 13- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN CUE

SENGHOR LAY 39 Ex- We are short fifteen dollars. Ex- Students are short two hundred dollars. 14- POST-MODIFIER OF ADJECTIVE CUE

What is an adjective? SENGHOR LAY 40Definition: An adjective is a word that is used to modify or to describe a noun or pronoun. ADJECTIVE ANSWERS Which…..? What kind…? How many..? CUE

What is an adjective phrase? SENGHOR LAY 41Definition: An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective. The adjective phrase has its head as an adjective, which may preceded by pre-modifiers and followed by post-modifiers. Sometimes only one adjective is also an adjective phrase. CUE

STRUCTURES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 42 ADJECTIVE PHRASES ARE PRE-MODIFIER + ADJECTIVE PRE-MODIFIER + ADJECTIVE + POST-MODIFIER ADJECTIVE CUE

What is a pre-modifier of adjective? SENGHOR LAY 43Definition: A pre-modifier of adjective is a word that is used to put before an adjective. Generally, the pre-modifier is an intensifier.Ex- This is a perfectly good conversation as far as I am concerned. Ex- That is a bit premature, isn’t it. CUE

What is a post-modifier of adjective? SENGHOR LAY 44Definition: A post-modifier of adjective is a word that is used to put after an adjective. Adjectives are typically post-modified by prepositional phrases and various kinds of clause. CUE

POST-MODIFIERS ARE SENGHOR LAY 45Ex- I was afraid of him, didn’t really know him. Ex- I expect you are glad you are not a vegetarian. 1- PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 2- THAT- CLAUSE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 46 Ex- Yes, you have to be careful what is available in what color. Ex- If you have any questions then I would be happy to hear from you, but would you please allow me until 7 May. 3- WH -CLAUSE 4- TO INFINITIVE CLAUSE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 47 Ex- But police were busy handling out letters about operation to residents and Bush was happy with the result. Ex- No I am sure it is easier than they say. 5- ING- PARTICIPLE CLAUSE 6- COMPARATIVE CLAUSE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 48 Ex- It certainly tasted strong enough. 7- ADVERB CUE

FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 49 ADJECTIVE PHRASE CAN BE USED Ex- Well, it is a much less popular route. Ex- No I mean Palin was extraordinary ugly. 1- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN 2- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 50 Ex- He is opening his mouth very wide just now. Ex- There would still be eyes watching and wondering from a distance but, briefly there was no one close. 3- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE 4- POST-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN CUE

SENGHOR LAY 51 Ex- To outsider London seems one of the most vibrant culture capitals of the world, a city bright with theaters ballet galleries. 5- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN CUE

SENGHOR LAY 52 Ex- Tonight I hope you will not mind if I eschew the academic. Ex- Kaye doesn’t finish till late. 6- NOMINAL ADJECTIVE 7- COMPLEMENT OF A PREPOSITION CUE

What is an adverb? SENGHOR LAY 53Definition: An adverb is a word that is used to modify or describe a verb, an adjective or another adverbs. ADVERB ANSWERS WHEN….? HOW MUCH..? WHERE…? TO WHAT DEGREE…? HOW..? CUE

What is an adverb phrase? SENGHOR LAY 54Definition: An adverb phrase is a group of words that does the work as an adverb. An adverb phrase has its head an adverb, which may be preceded by pre-modifier and sometimes followed by post- modifier. CUE

What is a pre-modifier of adverb? SENGHOR LAY 55Definition: A pre-modifier of adverb is a word that is used to put before adverb. The most common pre-modifier is ( very ).Ex- I wear this occasionally but very rarely. CUE

What is a post-modifier of adverb? SENGHOR LAY 56Definition: A post-modifier of adverb is a word that is used to put after adverb. Two adverb intensifiers - enough and indeed are commonly post-modified adverb. Ex- It was quoted often enough in the recent debate in the other place. CUE

STRUCTURES OF ADVERB PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 57 ADVERB PHRASE PRE-MODIFIER + ADVERB PRE-MODIFIER + ADVERB + POST-MODIFIER CUE

FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 58 Ex- We are far too close to it. Ex- I am going to give you a prescription to clear up the infection, then you need to have your teeth extremely cleaned, as soon as possible. 1- PRE-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE 2- PRE-MODIFIER OF AN ADVERB CUE

SENGHOR LAY 59 Ex- Refunds of fee are not normally available. Ex- I thought he was here. 3- ADVERBIAL 4- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 60 Ex-But I have a feeling they might be right by the door. Ex- When I look around my friends, virtually all of them seem to have got job careers. 5- PRE-MODIFIER OF A PREPOSITION 6- PRE-MODIFIER OF A PRONOUN CUE

SENGHOR LAY 61 Ex- Everybody knows that the results in fact have absolutely no meaning and can be interpreted any way you like.Ex- The chap around forty is called Obama. 7- PRE-MODIFIER OF A DETERMINER 8- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NUMERAL CUE

SENGHOR LAY 62 Ex- This is really quite a problem I imagine. Ex- Your friend here speaks English well. 9- PRE-MODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE 10- POST-MODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 63 Ex- Well right that is fair enough then. Ex- Shall I move these way? 11- POST-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB 12- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 64 Ex- At least we are outside. Ex- Oh I should have thought he have had before now. 13- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE 14- COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION CUE

SENGHOR LAY 65 CUE

What is a preposition? SENGHOR LAY 66Definition: A preposition is a part of speech that shows a relationship between two things. PREPOSITION CAN BE ABOUT LOCATION ( ON, UNDER, IN.. ) TIMING (BEFORE, AFTER, DURING………..) DIRECTION (FROM, TOWARD, TO…………………..) CUE

SENGHOR LAY 67 CUE

What is a prepositional phrase? SENGHOR LAY 68Definition: A prepositional phrase is a group of words that consists of a preposition and followed by noun phrase that serves as the object of the preposition. A prepositional phrase is composed of the preposition and a following noun phrase. CUE

FORMS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 69 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE PREPOSITION + NOUN ( PHRASE) PREPOSITION + DETERMINER + NOUN ( PHRASE ) CUE

SENGHOR LAY 70 Prepositional phrases are used either adjectively to modify noun or adverbially to modify verbs, adjectives, or clause.Ex- The man in the house rented it.Ex- He went in the arena.Ex- Obama was happy about the goal.Ex- On reflection, I believe that Palin was a good nominee to be named. CUE

FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 71Ex- Everybody questions the significance of the result. Ex- He was happy with his results. 1- POST-MODIFIER OF NOUN 2- POST-MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 72 Ex- Yesterday, the sun was just as it is in India. Ex- From the time I bought her out of hospital she never slept. 3- SUBJECTIVE PREDICATE 4- OBJECTIVE PREDICATE CUE

SENGHOR LAY 73 CUE

What is a verb? SENGHOR LAY 74Definition: A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 75 CUE

What is a verb phrase? SENGHOR LAY 76Definition: A verb phrase is composed of the verb of the sentence and any modifiers of verb, including adverb, prepositional phrase or object. A verb phrase is a group of verbs that consists of one or two helping verb (s) and one main verb. CUE

What is a helping verb? SENGHOR LAY 77Definition: A helping verb is a kind of verbs that is used to help other verbs make negative, interrogative sentence and make tenses or aspects. Definition: A main verb is a kind of verbs that is used to state the action of subject. ( Main verb can’t be omitted ) CUE

FORMS OF VERB PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 78 VERB PHRASE MAIN VERB HELPING VERB + MAIN VERB AUX + AUX + MAIN VERB CUE

What is an infinitive? SENGHOR LAY 79Definition: An infinitive is the name of certain verb forms that exists in many language. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle ( to): therefore, do and to do, be and to be and so on are infinitives. CUE

FORMS OF INFINITIVE VERB SENGHOR LAY 80 INFINITIVE VERB CAN BE VERB TO + VERB TO + ADVERB + VERB CUE

KINDS OF INFINITIVE VERB SENGHOR LAY 81 INFINITIVE BARE INFINITIVE FULL INFINITIVE CLEFT INFINITIVE CUE

HOW TO USE BARE INFINITIVE SENGHOR LAY 82 Ex- Obama will give an official speech to his great citizens after he is nominated. Bare infinitive is used as the main verb after dummy auxiliary verb ( do or most modal auxiliary verbs ( will, can……….) CUE

SENGHOR LAY 83 Ex- I heard Cambodian prime minister speak in the conference yesterday.Ex- Sarah Palin watches her speech be broadcast on CNN. Bare infinitive is used after several verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear, and sense take a direct object and a bare infinitive). CUE

SENGHOR LAY 84 Ex- She always makes me cry everyday.Ex- Hillary lets Mc cain give a speech to his supporters in the white house. Bare infinitive is used after several verbs of permission or causation including ( make, bid, let, and have………………………………) CUE

SENGHOR LAY 85 Ex- PAD always demands Thai prime minister be punished after he declined to solve economic downturn for his nations. Bare infinitive is used as present subjunctive form and imperative form CUE

HOW TO USE FULL INFINITTIVE SENGHOR LAY 86 Ex- To speak is very difficult for people who do not want to speak.Ex- To study seems uncomfortable. Full infinitive is used like a noun phrase to be a subject of a verb. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 87 Ex- Obama is the man to talk to in the meeting.Ex- Clinton is the former president to be named. Full infinitive is used like an adjective or adverb, expressing purpose or intent. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 88 Ex- She wants to speak English with Palin. Ex- I asked her to make his case on his behalf. Full infinitive is used as an object of a verb. Full infinitive is used after the direct object of many transitive verbs. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 89 Ex- I arranged for him to accompany me or I waited for summer to arrive. Full infinitive is used after an intransitive verb, together with a subject using the preposition ( for ). CUE

HOW TO USE CLEFT INFINITIVE SENGHOR LAY 90Ex- He wants me to strongly shout. Ex- Hillary wants Obama to strictly reform the USA after election. Cleft infinitive is used to emphasize subject. CUE

What is an infinitive phrase? SENGHOR LAY 91Definition: An infinitive phrase is composed of an infinitive verb and any modifying adverbs or prepositional phrase. The infinitive phrase has three functions NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB CUE

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY 92Ex- My duty as a coach is to teach skills.Ex- My sister wanted a cat to love. Ex- Bill is eager to work on his skating. CUE

What is a gerund? SENGHOR LAY 93Definition: A gerund is a verbal that ends in – ing and functions in a sentence as a noun. VERB + ING CUE

HOW TO USE GERUND SENGHOR LAY 94Ex- Travelling might satisfy your desire for new new experiences.Ex- They do not appreciate singing at concert. 1- GERUND AS SUBJECT 2- GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT CUE

SENGHOR LAY 95 Ex- My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping. Ex- The police arrested him for kissing an 80-year old woman in the garden during water festival. 3- GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT 4- GERUND AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION CUE

SENGHOR LAY 96 5- GERUND AFTER VERB PATTERN admit finish delay avoid deny imagine Carry on dislike involve consider enjoy practise CUE

SENGHOR LAY 97 6- GERUND AFTER SPECIAL PHRASE To be busy Couldn’t help Don’t mind How about It is no good There is no What about Spend on time It is no use There is no point Worth… Feel like CUE

SENGHOR LAY 98 Ex- After having a shower, I waited for Palin. Ex- I have three shirts that need washing. ( need, require, want……………………..) 7- GERUND AFTER PREPOSITION 8-GERUND IN PASSIVE CUE

What is a gerund phrase? SENGHOR LAY 99Definition: A gerund phrase is a group of words that consists of a gerund and the modifiers ( pronoun, noun phrase, prepositional phrase, to infinitive phrase (adverb). GERUND PHRASE GERUND + DIRECT OBJECT GER + D.O + PRE.P GER + D.O + TO INFI.P CUE

HOW TO USE GERUND PHRASE SENGHOR LAY 100Ex- Finding a good teacher needs time. Ex- I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity. 1- GERUND PHRASE AS SUBJECT 2- GERUND PHRASE AS DIRECT OBJECT CUE

SENGHOR LAY 101 Ex- Obama’s strategy has been lying to his supporters. Ex- You might get in trouble for taking an illness to avoid work. 3- GERUND PHRASE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT 4- GERUND PHRASE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION ( FOR) CUE

What is a present participle? SENGHOR LAY 102Definition: A present participle verb is a kind of verbs that ends in – ing form and functions as verb and as attributive verb. VERB + ING CUE

HOW TO USE PRESENT PARTICIPLE VERB SENGHOR LAY 103Ex- Susanna is learning English at CUE now. Ex- The watering can that is used by Obama is mine. 1- PRESENT PARTICIPLE VERB is used to form the present action or present progressive. 2- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used as adjective to modify noun. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 104 Ex- Broadly speaking, the project was successful. Ex- Running for office, the senator tried to ignore the fact he took bribes. 3- PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used to modify verb or sentence. CUE

What is a past participle verb? SENGHOR LAY 105Definition: A past participle verb is a kind of verbs that is finished by ( -ed ) or changed to the other form that depends on verbs. VERB + ED CUE

HOW TO USE PAST PARTICIPLE SENGHOR LAY 106Ex- He has studied English since he was 12. Ex- The chicken was eaten after cook. 1- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to form the present perfect aspect. 2- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to form passive voice. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 107 Ex- Our fallen comrades will suffer at night. Ex- Our arrested hero will speak to his supporters at 12. 3- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a noun, active sense. 4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a noun , passive sense. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 108 Ex- Given a wonderful handkerchief, Serey Mon smiles and says thank you to his audience. 4- PAST PARTICIPLE is used to modify a verb or sentence. CUE

What is a clause? Definition: A clause is a unit containing a lexical verb. A clause is a unit that consists of a subject and followed by a predicate.SENGHOR LAY 109 CUE

KINDS OF CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY 110 CLAUSE UPSTAIRS CLAUSE DOWNSTAIRS CLAUSE CUE

What is an upstairs clause? SENGHOR LAY 111Definition: An upstairs clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. SUBJECT + PREDICATE (COMPLETE IDEA ) CUE

What is a downstairs clause? SENGHOR LAY 112Definition: A downstairs clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate, but doesn’t express a complete thought. A downstairs clause is often marked by a dependent marker word. CUE

KINDS OF DOWNSTAIRS CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY 113 DOWNSTAIRS CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE CUE

What is a noun clause? SENGHOR LAY 114Definition: A noun clause is a downstairs clause that functions as a noun within upstairs clause. NOUN CLAUSE USUALLY BEGINES WITH How , Why , What, Where , When, Who , That, Which, Whose, Whether …. CUE

KINDS OF NOUN CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY 115 NOUN CLAUSE THAT - CLAUSE WH- CLAUSE INFINITIVE -CLAUSE ING- CLAUSE CUE

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY 116Ex- Everyone believes that Koy is the most handsome in Phnom Penh. Ex- What Obama believes is not very important. Ex- My plan is to marry Brad Pitt. Ex- I am scared of losing Brad I don’t move to Hollywood. CUE

FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY 117Ex- That Bush left early surprised us. Ex-The problem is that Cambodia is not a rich country. 1- NOUN CLAUSE is used as subject. 2- NOUN CLAUSE is used as complements CUE

SENGHOR LAY 118 Ex- We didn’t realize that Obama can resolve problem. Ex- Finding out that Sok cried makes us bored. 3- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a verb. 4- NOUN LAUSE is used as an object of a gerund. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 119 Ex- He needs to know that she was arrested yesterday. Ex- The gossip was about why was arrested yesterday. 5- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of an infinitive. 6- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a preposition. CUE

SENGHOR LAY 120 Ex- Realizing that she was killed, we ran to Paris. Ex- Are you sure that she was accused of killing? 7- NOUN CLAUSE is used as an object of a participle. 8- NOUN CLAUSE is used as a complement of an adjective. CUE

What is an adjective clause? SENGHOR LAY CUE121 Definition: An adjective clause, also called relative clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adjective. An adjective clause is a downstairs clause that does the work as an adjective.

SENGHOR LAY CUE 122 Adjective clause or relative clause always begins with relative pronouns. Who Which Whom That Whose When Where

SENGHOR LAY CUE 123 We use adjective clause, also called relative clause, to identify or give additional information about nouns (people, places, or things…….).

SENGHOR LAY CUE 124 Are used only for person or people. (Who) is the subject of the clause. After ( who) you should see a verb. ( whom) is the object of the clause. After ( whom) you should see a subject (noun, pronoun). Who and Whom

SENGHOR LAY CUE 125 Can be seen as combination of two sentences. I have a friend. She loves to shop. Ex- I have a friend who loves to shop. Sentence with adjective clause

SENGHOR LAY CUE 126 The man is playing baseball.The man is holding a bat. Ex- The man who is holding a bat is playing baseball. who

SENGHOR LAY CUE 127 I see the doctor in the room.The doctor is my father. Ex- The doctor whom you see in the room is my father. Whom

SENGHOR LAY CUE 128 Is used only for things which can be both subject and object of the clause.The telephone is in your room.The telephone is ringing. Ex- The telephone which is in your room is ringing. Which

SENGHOR LAY CUE 129 Is used for both people and things ( less formal than whom and which ) That can be both subject and object of the clause.I see the flowers.The flowers are in the pond. Ex- The flowers that you see are in the pond. That

SENGHOR LAY CUE 130 Is the possessive and is used for both people and things and must be followed by a noun. can be subject or obj. Whose Whose + noun

SENGHOR LAY CUE 131 Ex- I heard the scientist whose work is attracting interesting.Ex- I met the scientist whose work I admire. The girl is crying. Her cat is sick. Ex- The girl whose cat is sick is crying. Whose

SENGHOR LAY CUE 132 The verb in the adjective clause is singular if the subject relative clause refers to a singular noun. It is plural if it refers to a plural noun. Ex- Ben is my friend who lives in Boston. Ex- John and Alex are my friends who live in Paris.

SENGHOR LAY CUE 133 Can be the subject of the preposition in its clause. If the preposition is at the beginning of the clause, whom or which must be used. Who, whom, which, that, (o)

SENGHOR LAY CUE 134In formal English, we put the preposition at the beginning of the clause. Also, we use only whom not who or that to refer to people, and which not that to refer to things. Ex- He is the writer who I work for. He is the writer for whom I work.

SENGHOR LAY CUE 135 Modifies the noun place ( country, city, building, house, room, street, and so on ). Ex- I want to know the name of city where you you were born. Where

SENGHOR LAY CUE 136 Modifies the noun time ( century, year, …). Ex- Obama wants to know the date when you were born. Ex- I will tell her the time when I am free. When

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY CUE137 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

SENGHOR LAY CUE 138 Identify the noun or pronoun modified. It gives information needed in order to know who or what the pronoun refers to. Ex- The car that has broken headlights belongs to my teacher of English. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

SENGHOR LAY CUE 139 Give extra information about the noun or pronoun but is not needed to identify it. Ex- The Eiffel Tower has an elevator, which I rode to the top. NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

SENGHOR LAY CUE 140 Use NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Who, which, whom, whose, where, when

SENGHOR LAY CUE 141 Do not use the relative pronoun ( that). Do not omit the objective relative pronoun. Always put commas around a non- restrictive adjective clause. IN NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

SENGHOR LAY CUE 142 If an adjective clause is a restrictive adjective clause, the adjective phrase is a restrictive adjective phrase.If an adjective clause is a non- restrictive adjective clause, the adjective phrase is a non-restrictive adjective phrase.

What is an adverb clause? SENGHOR LAY CUE143 Definition: An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverb within main clause.

KINDS OF ADVERB CLAUSE SENGHOR LAY CUE144 ADVERB CLAUSE OF 1- TIME 3- CONCESSION 5- RESULT 7- PLACE 2- REASON 4- CONTRAST 6- PURPOSE 8- MANNER

What is an adverb of time? SENGHOR LAY CUE145 Definition: An adverb clause of time is an adverb clause that is introduced by When, whenever, while, as , before, after, till, until, since, and as soon as.

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE146 When he arrives, he will tell us the truth. Mary was dancing while Bush was singing. The train left as we arrived.

What is an adverb clause of reason? SENGHOR LAY CUE147 Definition: An adverb clause of reason is an adverb clause that is introduced by Because, since, for, and as ….

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE148 I was late because I could not catch the bus. The manager dismissed Mary for she was very lazy. As the weather was bad, we cancelled the picnic.

What is an adverb of concession? SENGHOR LAY CUE149 Definition: An adverb of concession is an adverb clause that is introduced by Though, although, even though, no matter how , no matter what, and as ,…..

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE150 Although he is small, he is very strong. No matter how smart they are, they are required to do the revision. No matter what the doctor did, the girl was dead.

What is an adverb clause of contrast? SENGHOR LAY CUE151 Definition: An adverb clause of contrast is an adverb clause that is introduced by Whereas, and while…

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE152We took the train whereas Peter drove. While Obama is a good math student, we do well in English.

What is an adverb clause of result? SENGHOR LAY CUE153 Definition: An adverb clause of result is an adverb clause that always linked with So that, so+ adjective/ adverb + that and such + a + noun + that,…..

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE154Tom was so weak that he could not run. It was such a strange story that no one believe it.

What is an adverb clause of purpose? SENGHOR LAY CUE155 Definition: An adverb clause of purpose is an adverb clause that always linked with So that, in order that, for fear that, in case,….

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE156He arrived earlier so that he would not late. They brought a lot of food for fear that they would be hungry during the trip.She brought the credit card in case she did not have enough cash.

What is an adverb clause of place? SENGHOR LAY CUE157 Definition: An adverb clause of place is an adverb clause that is introduced by Ex- Nobody knows where he has been. Ex- He travels wherever he like. Where, and wherever

What is an adverb clause of manner? SENGHOR LAY CUE158 Definition: An adverb clause of manner is an adverb clause that is introduced by As, as if , and as though….

EXAMPLES SENGHOR LAY CUE159Please do as I have told you. He cries as if he were mad.He speaks as though he were the boss. The subjunctive is used after as if , as though. note

SENGHOR LAY CUE 160 SUBJECT PREDICATE COMPLETE IDEA

What is a sentence? SENGHOR LAY 161Definition: A sentence is a group of words that beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full stop, exclamation, or question mark . In written language, containing a main verb. A sentence is a group of words that usually contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete idea. CUE

What is a sentence? Definition: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentence has two partsSUBJECT PREDICATE SENGHOR LAY 162 CUE

KINDS OF SENTENCE SENGHOR LAY 163 SENTENCE 1 - SIMPLE SENTENCE 2- COMPOUND SENTENCE 3- COMPLEX SENTENCE 4- COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE CUE

What is a simple sentence? SENGHOR LAY 164Definition: A simple sentence, also called as an independent clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. It expresses a complete thought. Ex- My teacher is a Cambodian. CUE

What is a compound sentence? SENGHOR LAY 165Definition: A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by coordinators. Coordinators are also called FANBOYS CUE

What is a complex sentence? SENGHOR LAY 166Definition: A complex sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause and joined by one or more dependent clause (s). Ex- Palin will work with Obama after she is nominated. CUE

What is a compound complex sentence? SENGHOR LAY 167Definition: A compound complex sentence is a sentence that is composed of two independent clauses and one or more dependent clause (s). Ex- She wants to be an educator, but Susanna doesn’t want to do after she graduates. CUE

SOME ADDITIONAL SENTENCES SENGHOR LAY 168Definition: A cleft sentence is a sentence formed by a main clause and a subordinate clause, which together express a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Ex- It was from John that she heard the news. CLEFT SEENTENCE CUE

What is a universal sentence? SENGHOR LAY 169Definition: A universal sentence is the sentence in the present tense sometime refers to a state which holds at all times or at every time in the existence of the referent of the subject. Ex- The sun rises in the east.Ex- The earth is round. CUE

What is an imperative sentence? SENGHOR LAY 170Definition: An imperative sentence is a kind of sentences that is used to give a command. An imperative sentence sometime subject is understood. Ex- Please, have a look at handsome man. CUE

What is a matrix sentence? SENGHOR LAY 171Definition: A matrix sentence is a sentence that has been embedded as a constituent. Ex- After eating the raw fish, the cat died. CUE