inequality Paul Bywaters Coventry University Destitution in England Neglect Estimated minimum of 312000 children in any one week in 2015 75 of whom were still destitute 34 months later Parents ID: 574234
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Slide1
Re-framing child maltreatment: from risk to
inequality
Paul Bywaters
Coventry UniversitySlide2Slide3
Destitution in England: Neglect?
Estimated minimum of 312,000 children in any one week in 2015; 75% of whom were still destitute 3-4 months later.
Parents
or their
children
have lacked two or more of these six essentials over the past month,
because
they cannot afford them:
shelter
(have slept rough for one or more nights)
food
(have had fewer than two meals a day for two or more days)
heating
their home (have been unable to do this for five or more days)
lighting
their home (have been unable to do this for five or more days)
clothing
and footwear (appropriate for weather)
basic
toiletries (soap, shampoo, toothpaste, toothbrush).
or
Extremely low income
.Slide4
Do children’s services reflect, reproduce, reinforce or reduce social inequities? Slide5
Looked After Children Rates in Wales and England 2015
2015
2015
Wales
89
England
60
Pembrokeshire
46
Wokingham
20
Ceredigion
62
Camden
43
Caerphilly
70
Newham
52
Denbighshire
83
Bury
69
Swansea
109
Coventry
79
Neath Port Talbot
156
Blackpool
158Slide6
Definition
Child welfare inequity occurs when children and/or their parents face unequal
chances
,
experiences
or
outcomes
of involvement with child welfare services that are systematically associated with structural social disadvantage and are unjust and avoidable.Slide7
Inequities in Child Welfare
In who receives children’s services interventions:
chances
In how services respond:
experiences
In childhood and adult
outcomesSlide8
Why do child welfare inequalities matter?
The economic argument
The human rights argument
The social justice argumentSlide9
Problems with the evidence
No data collected about family circumstances
No official data on incidence or prevalence of maltreatment, have to use CPPs as proxy
No data at a level of geography below LA
Limited data on ethnicitySlide10
Evidence Base
Project 1: Deprivation and Children’s Services’ Outcomes. What can mapping Looked After Children and children on Child Protection Plans tell us? 2013-14. Nuffield Foundation.
Project 2: Identifying
and Understanding Inequalities in Child Welfare Intervention Rates. 2015-17. Nuffield Foundation
.
Project 3: Understanding
the Relationship between Poverty and Child Abuse and Neglect. A literature review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Nuffield Foundation. 2015-16. Slide11
West Midlands Study
13 LAs
>10% of all UK children
>10% of all CPP and LACSlide12
4 key concepts
Relationship between social determinants and intervention rates
Social gradient
Intersectionality
Inverse care lawSlide13Slide14
Relationship between social determinants and intervention ratesSlide15
Social gradient Slide16
IntersectionalitySlide17
Distribution of Child Population by Ethnic Group
Table 7: Percentage of West Midlands children aged 0-17 by ethnic category and deprivation quintile (5 is most deprived).
Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
N
WBRI
15.3
19.9
18.3
19.3
27.2
824553
MWBC
4.9
12.8
11.4
18.6
57.6
35204
MWBA
6.8
21.8
11.5
18.9
51.6
4845
MWAS
10.1
26.9
13.6
17.8
46.1
18224
MOTH
8.1
18.3
12.3
17.8
52.2
10938
AIND
8.8
23.0
15.3
19.0
46.3
49772
APKN
1.5
2.9
5.6
12.3
78.3
89318
ABAN
1.4
2.2
4.5
8.0
84.3
22016
AOTH
4.6
10.1
10.0
17.7
61.5
22031
BAFR
1.7
3.7
5.5
12.1
77.8
22978
BCRB
1.5
4.7
8.2
14.4
72.4
17210
BOTH
1.2
2.8
5.1
11.8
79.7
12355Slide18
Intersectionality: Broad Categories
Table 10: West Midlands LAC rates (per 10000 children) overall and by ethnic category in the most disadvantaged quintile (Q5)
Number of Children on LACs
LAC Rate Overall
LAC Rate All Q5
White LAC Rate Q5
Mixed LAC Rate Q5
Asian LAC Rate Q5
Black LAC Rate Q5
All West Midlands Sample
7138
60.5
91.2
122.1
N=2893
159.6
N=589
20.8
N=260
78.3
N=310
Slide19
Intersectionality: Multiple Categories
Table 12: LAC Rates by Ethnic Category and Deprivation Quintile, where the number of children is greater than 10.
1
2
3
4
5
All
N =
WBRI
17.6
26.1
44.7
76.6
125.4
64.9
5355
MWBC
69.1
57.4
111.3
126.1
107.4
378
MWBA
164.1
84.0
86.7
42
MWAS
64.5
77.3
204.7
124.0
226
MOTH
124.4
96.5
179.9
245.0
185.6
203
AIND
10.6
14.3
10.4
52
APKN
11.9
20.9
18.8
168
ABAN
21.0
20.4
45
AOTH
46.3
31.0
30.9
68
BCRB
72.9
172.4
142.9
246
BAFR
50.5
39.1
40.5
93
ALL
17.9
26.7
42.7
69.4
91.2
60.5
7138Slide20
Inverse Intervention Law
Overall a child’s chances of an extreme child welfare intervention is much greater at higher levels of
deprivation. But
for
any
given level of neighbourhood
deprivation,
a child in a
local
authority
with low overall deprivation is
more
likely to be on a CPP or to be a looked after
child than a child in an equivalent neighbourhood in a very deprived local authority.Slide21
Inverse Intervention LawSlide22
Impact of IIL: Comparison of two LAs
County
County
actual numbers,
2012 sample
Projected with Borough Rates
Difference
% Difference
CPP
525
143
-382
-72.7
LAC
605
333
-272
-44.9
Total
1130
477
-653
-57.8Slide23
Impact of Inverse Intervention Law: comparison of two LAs, funding.
Expenditure per head,
All
0-17, £, 2015
% of all aged 0-17
living in Quintile 5
, 2014
Borough
822
55.1
County
537
3.8Slide24
Intervention rate modelSlide25
Key question
Are higher rates or lower rates better for children?
Are more or fewer amputations a sign of a better way of managing arterial failure?
Presumption for prevention.Slide26
Does poverty cause child abuse and neglect?
Neither a sufficient nor a necessary factor.
But a contributory direct and indirect causal factor.Slide27
Can
social
workers do anything about
the impact of family
income and
wealth on child maltreatment?Slide28
Implications of an inequalities perspective
Data
Policy
Finances
Locus and focus of services
Practice
Inspection
Training
ResearchSlide29
To join the Child Welfare Inequalities Network on
jiscmail
go to www.jiscmail.ac.uk/childwelfareinequalities
To become a stakeholder in the Child Welfare Inequalities Project contact Sophie Blackmore ac0672@coventry.ac.uk Slide30
References