AnupamaA IISem MSc Microbiology Guided By Dr MKSateesh Professor Department of Microbiology Bangalore University Waste is heterogenous mass generated by human and animal activities ID: 676054
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Slide1
SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
By
Anupama.A
IISem
M.Sc
Microbiology
Guided By
Dr.
M.K.Sateesh
Professor
Department of Microbiology
Bangalore UniversitySlide2
Waste is heterogenous mass generated
by human and animal activities.It can exist in solid, liquid and gaseous
forms.
WASTESlide3
Since beginning, human kind has been generating waste.It could be in the form of bones, other parts of animals they slaughter, wood, etc..
With the progress of civilization, the waste generated became of a more complex nature.
Slide4
It is defined as,
“Solid or semi-solid material (including gases and liquids in containers) which
are non soluble in nature”.
SOLID WASTESlide5
Households
Agiculture
Industries
Hotels and marriages
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTESlide6
Source
Typical Waste Generators
Types of solid wastes
1:Residential
Single
and multifamily dwellings
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Yard wastes
Wood
Glass
Metals
Ashes
Special wastes
(
e.g
bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.)Slide7
2:
Industrial
Light
and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants.
Housekeeping wastes
Packaging
Food wastes
Construction and demolition materials
Hazardous wastes
Ashes
Special wastes.
3:Commercial
Stores
, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.
Paper
cardboard
plastics
wood
food wastes
glass
metals
special wastes
hazardous wastes
4: Institutional
Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers.
Same as commercial.Slide8
5:Construction
and demolition
New
construction sites, road
repair,
renovation sites, demolition of buildings
Wood
steel
concrete
dirt etc.
6:Municipal
services
Street
cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants.
Street
sweepings
landscape and tree trimmings
General wastes from parks
Beaches
Recreational areas; sludge.
7:Process
(manufacturing etc.)
Heavy
and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing.
Industrial
process wastes
Scrap materials
Off-specification products.
8:Agriculture
Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms.Spoiled food wastes Agricultural wastes Hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).Slide9
According to their,Origin and type.
Properties.
Effects on Human health and environment.
TYPES OF SOLID WASTESlide10
Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences.Industrial wastes:
Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc.
Agricultural wastes:
Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances are mostly biodegradable.Fishery wastes:
Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas.Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.
E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb
, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants.Slide11
Biodegradable can be degraded(paper, wood, fruits and others).
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded(plastics, bottles, old machines, styroform
containers and others).
According to their propertiesSlide12
Hazardous wastes wastes which exhibit any of the following properties- Ignitable, corrosive, reactivity & toxicity.
Non-hazardous wastes
Subtances
which do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems.
According to their effects on human health and the environmentSlide13
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITIONSlide14
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION OF URBAN INDIASlide15
COMPOSITION OF MSW GENERATED IN INDIASlide16Slide17
Promotion of microorganisms that cause disease.Flies & rodents.
Obnoxious odour.Loss of aesthetic quality of the environment.
Occupation of place.
Pollution.
EFFECTS OF MSWSlide18
Injuries from sharps.Nosocomial infection.
Risk of infection to general public
living in the vicinity of hospital.
Drugs which have been disposed of,
being repacked & sold off to
unsuspecting buyers.Risk of air, water & soil
pollution due to defective incineration emissions & ash.
EFFECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTESSlide19
When hazardous wastes are released in the air , water or on the land, they can spread or contaminate
our environment.
When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it can carry
hazardous waste deeper into the ground & they can pollute groundwater.
It can cause cancer, respiratory & heart diseases etc.
EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTESlide20
The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter
Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper
10–30 days
Cotton cloth
2–5 months
Wood
10–15 years
Woolen items
1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags
one million years
Glass bottles
undeterminedSlide21
These are the following methods:Open Dumps
LandfillsIncineration
Plasma
Gassification
CompostingOcean Dumping
METHODS OF DISPOSAL & TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTESlide22
Open dumps refer to uncovered areas that are used to dump solid wastes of all kinds.The waste is untreated, uncovered, & not segregated.Breeding ground for rats, flies and other insects that spread disease.
OPEN DUMPSSlide23
It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
Waste is directly dumped into disused
quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
Everyday a layer of soil is scattered on
top of it and some mechanism, usually
earth-moving equipment and used to compress.
After the landfill is full, the area is
covered with a thick layer of mud and
the site can thereafter be developed for any other purpose.
LANDFILLSSlide24Slide25
LANDFILLSAdvantages
Disadvantages
Cheap waste disposal option.
Jobs will be created for local people.
Lots of different types of waste can be disposed compared to other methods.
The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating power.
The site will look ugly.
Dangerous gases produced can cause air pollution & contribute to global warming.
Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground from the landfill site.
Not be able to use for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.Slide26
Is an alternative to landfills.It is a sanitary landfill that is more hygienic and built methodically.
These are lined with materials that are impermeable such as plastics and clay, and are also built over impermeable soil.
It will solve the problem of leaching to some extent.
SANITARY LANDFILLSSlide27
SANITARY LANDFILLSSlide28
The most desirable landfill site in a humid environment. Waste is buried above the water table in a relatively impermeable environment.
SANITARY LANDFILLSSlide29
SANITARY LANDFILLS
Advantages
Disadvantages
The methane produced can be tapped and used as fuel.
Expensive.
Sometimes the plastic liner may develop cracks.
The rate of decomposition varies.Slide30Slide31
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C.In these plants, the recyclable material is segregated and the rest of the material is burnt.
At the end all that left behind is ash.
During the process, some of the ash flies out with the hot air. This is called fly ash.
Both the ashes have high concentrations of dangerous toxins such as dioxins & heavy metals.
INCINERATIONSlide32Slide33Slide34
INCINERATION
Advantages
Disadvantages
Minimum of land is required.
The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
No risk of polluting local streams & groundwaters.
Incineration plant can be located close to residential areas.Gases are used to generate power.
Expensive.
Require skilled
labour
.
The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants & may destroy ozone layer.
High energy requirement.Slide35Slide36
Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal solution using plasma technology.
Uses electrical energy and the high temperatures (4000°C to over 7000°C) created by an plasma torches.
Almost completely breaks down the waste into syngas which are used to generate electricity
.
The remaining material (slag) is used to produced material for building projects.
PLASMA GASSIFICATIONSlide37
Furnaces have an airlock system to allow garbage to come in while preventing the hot gases from escaping into the atmosphere
.
Have multiple torches to break down all the matter into gases and slug
.
Also features a drainage system to tap off the slag and a vent system to vent out the gases
.
to withstand the intense heat, furnaces are lined with refractory material and often have a water-cooling system as well.
FurnaceSlide38
Molten slag at the bottom of the furnace and helps in maintaining the high temperature inside the chamber.
Occasionally slag must be drained from the furnace.
slag drains away from the furnace and cools in a separate chamber.
Slug is also used to produce some building materials.
Slug DrainageSlide39
Gases can pass through a secondary chamber where natural gas flames combust any remaining organic material in the gases.
These extremely hot gases then pass through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) system.
where they heat water to form steam
.
This steam then turns a steam turbine to create electricity.
After BurningSlide40
Harnessing natural decomposition to transform organic material into compost.Composting is a biological process in which microorganisms, mainly fungi & bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into humus like substance.
This finished product is high in carbon and nitrogen content & is an excellent medium for growing plants.
Apart from being clean, inexpensive & safe, significantly reduce the amount of disposable garbage.
COMPOSTINGSlide41
They increase the ability of the soil to hold water, making it easier to cultivate.They also help the soil to retain more plant nutrients.
Vermi-composting is becoming increasingly popular.Slide42
Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of materials in the ocean, often on the continental shelf.A wide range of materials is involved, including garbage, construction and demolition debris, sewage sludge.
Sometimes hazardous & nuclear waste are also disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and human life.
OCEAN DUMPINGSlide43
OCEAN DUMPINGAdvantages
Disadvantages
Convenient
Inexpensive
Source of nutrients for aquatic animals
Vast amount of space is availableAll types of wastes are disposed.
Exposure of the public to hazardous or toxic materials washed up on beach sand.
Affects marine organism.
Human consumption
of these marine
organisms
cause disease.
Pollution of coastal areas.Slide44Slide45
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENTSlide46Slide47
Hazardous waste can be managed by waste minimization and thereafter its proper treatment and disposal.Recycle if possible.
Producing less waste.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTSlide48Slide49
1892 -- William T. Love proposed a canal for navigation and hydropower
Only one mile of the canal built, used for swimming and recreation
1920 – land sold at public auction
became a municipal and chemical disposal site.
Hooker Chemical Company dumped over 20,000
tons of chemicals until 1953.Including:
benzene - causes leukemia dioxin – causes cancer
LOVE CANALSlide50
1955 - the 99th Street elementary school opened and homes were built on the 16-acre rectangular site 1960s-1970s repeated complaints to cityApril, 1978 – Report in newspaper about toxic chemicals
Aug. 2, 1978 - the NY State Department of Health recommended temporary relocation of pregnant women and young children 1980s -- Human Heath issues
documented : Of
17 pregnancies in 1979 – 2 normal, 9 birth defects, 2 stillborn, 4 miscarriagesBroken chromosomes, Neurological Problems.
1980- Superfund site1990s- resettlement of area begins.Slide51
Surface impoundment.Deep-well disposal.Incineration.
Ocean dumping.
Disposal and TreatmentSlide52
REDUSE, REUSE, RECYCLESlide53Slide54Slide55
Solid waste is hazardous to health so it has to be handled carefully and disposed properly in order to protect our health and to maintain good environment.
CONCLUSIONSlide56
Botkin & Keller.(2011). Environmental Science(8th edition), John Wiley & sons, INC.
Indu Shekhar
Thakur. Environmental Biotechnology. IK international.
http://isebindia.com/95_99/99-07-2.html
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012031026165/municipal-solid-waste-has-the-following-pootential-negative-effects.html
http://www.google.co.in/searchREFERENCESlide57