South Africa 1600’s colonization by the Dutch. Establishing the East India Co. in 1652. - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

South Africa

1600’s colonization by the Dutch. Establishing the East India Co. in 1652.

 

Dutch farmers settle lands (Boers)

 

Britain takeover the colony in the early 1800’s.

 

By the 1900’s diamonds were discovered in South Africa, as well as, gold.

 

Prospectors mainly from Britain arrive and expand settlements pushing out native African tribes (Tswana, Zulu and Swazi)

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“Diggers” as the British prospectors were called established shantytowns within these new territories.

 

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The Anglo-Boer War

Of 1899 – 1902

Military conflict between British and Boer forces.

 

Often called “The white man’s war” all of South Africa was involved in some way or another.

 

British torched Boer villages placed Boer women and children, along with black African miners in concentration camps.

 

This was not a popular war amongst the British. British pro-Boers had undermined the moral complacency of the victors.

 

Even though the British were successful in winning the war, they gave generous peace terms to the Boers, including lands and the ability to govern those lands.

Slide4

The Union of South Africa

1910 –1960

A white-run state. After the Boer War. The mood within

Afrikanerdom

after the return of self-government, was one of conciliation:

1

st

between the Boers and the King (whose subjects agreed to become subjugated)

2

nd

between the Boers (republican Afrikaners) and Cape (British)

3

rd

between the

hensoppers

(quitters) and the

Bittereinders

(die-hards) in the Boer War.

 

Slide5

Louis Botha

Slide6

Louis Botha

—South African soldier and statesman

In 1884 he help found the New Republic in Vryheid district (KwaZulu-Natal)

 

1897 enters the South African legislature

Botha joined the Boer army, becoming commander in chief in 1900

He help end the conflict with Britain in 1902

Elected premier of the Transvaal in 1907

1909 help establish the Union (now Republic) of South Africa

Headed the South African government from 1910-1919.

At the outbreak of WWI, in 1914, Botha committed South Africa to the Allied cause

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This move aroused violent opposition

 

He defeated the ensuing insurrection in Feb. 1915

 

Launched the successful takeover of German South-West Africa (now Namibia)

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Daniel Francois Malan

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Daniel Francois Malan

Architect of white supremacy

1948 won election: he enacted the doctrines of Apartheid or racial separation

Resigned in 1954

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APARTHEID

BANTUSTANS

(black homeland or Bantus)

 

Majority black population of the territories in South Africa

 

Policy of racial segregation.

 

Apartheid means “separateness” in Afrikaans language.

 

 

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Introduced in 1948

 

Becomes the governing political policy until the early 1990’s.

 

Apartheid laws classified people into 3 major racial groups

White

Bantu

Colored—mixed descent

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Later a 4

th

class: Asians, Indians and Pakistanis.

 

The laws determined where members of each group could live, what jobs they could hold, and what type of education they could receive.

 

Laws prohibited most social contact between races, authorized segregated public facilities, and denied and representation of nonwhites in the national government.

 

People who openly opposed apartheid were considered communists.

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VORSTER

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Balthazar Johannes Vorster

(1915-83)

 

Prime minister (1966-78) and president (1978-79) of South Africa

 

Son of an Afrikaner sheep farmer, was trained as a lawyer

 

Founder of an anti-British extremist group opposed to participation in WWII (interned 1942-1944)

 

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Made minister of justice in1961

 

Sharpeville Shooting (1960) Black dissidents are killed.

Vorster in charge and imposed drastic detention and security measures on black dissidents

 

He further tightened security and continued the apartheid policy, but did open dialogue with black African states

1978 as a result of a government scandal and cover-up he retired a year later.

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Slide17

BOTHA

Slide18

P(

ieter

) W(

illiem

) Botha

Born Paul Roux.

1966 succeeded Vorster as National Party leader and prime minister in 1978

 

1970’s and 1980’s was deeply involved in South Africa’s attempt to hold on to Namibia in defiance of the United Nations and a guerrilla insurgency.

 

Slide19

1983 he pushed through a reform bill that extended representation in Parliament to “

Coloureds

” and Indians but not blacks.

 

Became President in 1984

1989 suffered a stroke and was forced to resign as President

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De Klerk

Slide21

F(

rederik

) W(

illiam

) De Klerk

President from (1989-1994)

 

His reforms lead to the end of Apartheid

 

1990 ended the ban on the African National Congress (ANC). A largely black South African nationalist group

 

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Ordered the release of ANC leader Nelson Mandela-who has been in prison since 1962

 

Repealed the last of the laws that formed the legal basis of apartheid in 1992

 

1993 Jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with Nelson Mandela

 

1997 stepped down as leader of the National Party and retired from politics

 

Nelson Mandela succeeded him as president

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African National Congress (ANC)

Founded in 1912 as a nonviolent organization that worked to promote the interest of black Africans

 

Most members were of middle-class backgrounds

 

Stressed constitutional change through the use of delegations, petitions, and peaceful protest

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MANDELA

FREEMAN

Slide25

1940

Alfred B.

Xuma

became ANC president and began to recruit younger, more outspoken men---

Nelson Mandela

 

By the mid-1940 he becomes one of the ANC leaders

 

1948 Apartheid is instated: ANC actively opposes and by 1955 issues its Freedom Charter which states that

Slide26

“South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white”

 

South Africans who believed that it belonged only to black Africans form a rival party, the Pan-

Africanist

Congress (PAC) in 1959

Slide27

The PAC organize a mass demonstration that led to the massacre of black protesters in Sharpsville in March of 1960 (69 blacks were killed)

 

The governments response is to ban all black political organizations (ANC) (PAC)

Slide28

After Sharpsville the ANC abandons its nonviolent ways. Mandela is in charge of the ANC’s military wing

 

1962 Mandela is sentence to live in prison

Slide29

Next 30 years the ANC operate underground

 

1976 a revolt in Soweto, just outside Johannesburg, led to a reawakening of black African politics and renewed assault on apartheid

 

1990 the ban was lifted on the ANC

Slide30

1990 Mandela is released from prison (27 years)

 

1993 ANC and the government agree to a plan that would form a transitional government to rule for five years

 

April 27-30,1994, millions of South Africans of all races participated in the country’s first democratic elections

 

Slide31

May 2, 1994 Nelson Mandela becomes president of South Africa

 

He establishes a multiracial government

 

1997 Mandela steps down—due to age

 

1999 Thabo Mbeki becomes 2

nd

black President and ANC member.

 

Slide32

Desmond Tutu

Anglican Archbishop

Opposed Apartheid

Called for a worldwide boycott of South Africa

All nations followed

Reagan broke— Congress overrode Reagan

Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984

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Winnie Mandela

Slide34

Winnie Mandela

Wife of Nelson who advocated militant resistant to apartheid

1958 married Nelson Mandela

 

Imprisoned for her work in the ANC from 1969-1970

In 1988 was implicated, when members of the Mandela United Football Club (who served as her bodyguards) beat four young black men, one of whom died in the Mandela home

Slide35

1991 was convicted of kidnapping and assault in relation to the incident and sentenced to six years in prison

1992 new evidence surfaced, regarding these charges, as well as others, she resigned her position as head of the ANC’s National Executive Committee.

1993 successfully appealed the charges, but her kidnapping charges remained—court waived her prison term and ordered her to pay a fine

 

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Despite all of this she was elected to the president of the ANC’s Women’s League

 

1992 separated from her husband

 

1994 was appointed by her husband, as deputy minister of arts, culture, science, and technology

Slide37

1995 resigned her post due to ongoing conflicts with the administrations

 

1996 was divorced from Nelson.

 

Slide38

BIKO

Slide39

Bantu Stephen

Biko

Medical School in 1966—this is where he decides to be proactive in the liberation of black people

 

1968 organizes the South African Students’ Organization (SASO)

 

Also founded or help found:

 

National Association of Youth Organizations (NAYO)

Black Worker’s Project (BWP)

Slide40

Left Medical School in1972-was expelled

 

1973 was restricted

to King

Williams Town.

 

1975 set-up the

Zimele

Trust Fund – assist political prisoners and their families

 

August 18, 1977 was arrested in a police road block and detained under the Terrorism Act

Slide41

He died in detention. Government claims it was a hunger strike that killed him.

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at the inquests of a number of detainees who died under suspicious circumstances magistrates declined to examine the interrogation methods used and attributed death to natural causes, suicides or prison accidents. At the inquest into

Biko's

death no government official was prepared to condemn the treatment meted out to

Biko

. The circumstances of his death were said to be inconclusive and death was attributed to a prison accident. Yet, evidence led during the 15-day inquest into

Biko's

death revealed otherwise. During his detention in a Port Elizabeth police cell

Slide43

He had been chained to a grill at night and left to lie in urine-soaked blankets. He had been stripped naked and kept in leg-irons for 48 hours in his cell. A blow in a scuffle with security police led to him suffering brain damage by the time he was driven naked and manacled in the back of a police van to Pretoria, where, on 12 September 1977, he died.

BECOMES A MARTYR