10 Catalyst 15 Review Cell Cycle 20 Quizlet Live 25 Trashketball or more Quizlet Live 15 Daily Quiz I can review the processes of mitosis and meiosis Catalyst Grab your computer and ID: 913803
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ThursdayMay 25, 2017
Agenda(10) Catalyst(15) Review Cell Cycle(20) Quizlet Live!(25) Trashketball (or more Quizlet Live(15) Daily Quiz
I can:review the processes of mitosis and meiosis
CatalystGrab your computer and go to goo.gl/WQRt54 (type EXACTLY as is)Familiarize yourself with the flashcard decks and review options.
HW
: BRF #28-38 (no #31)
135 Things
… (June 2)
Slide2Biology Released Form
Slide3Biology Released Form
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Slide8Biology Released Form
Slide9Biology Released Form
Slide10Biology Released Form
Slide11If you got…~0-4 right Level 1~5 right Level 2~6 right
Level 3~7-8 right Level 4~9 right Level 5
65%+ correct shows you’re ready for college-level Biology courses
Slide12The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Slide13The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
G1 phase
Gap 1 phase: Cells grow in size and make new proteins and organelles.
Slide14The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
S phase
Synthesis phase: DNA replication occurs
Slide15The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
G2 phase
Gap 2 phase: Cell prepares for mitosis.
Slide16The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
M phase
Mitotic phase: Cell divides. Consists of 2 parts:
mitosis – nucleus dividescytokinesis – cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
Slide17The cell cycle is the series of four events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
The first 3 stages of the cell cycle are called
interphase
. The cell spends most of its time in interphase.
Slide18Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides itself one time to produce 2 identical daughter cells. occurs in 4 phases
(before mitosis) InterphaseG1 phaseG2 phase
S phase
ProphaseDNA condenses into chromosomesnuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase
chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
Anaphase
sister chromatids split and move apart to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
chromosomes begin to loosen
nuclear envelope reforms
Slide19During interphase, the DNA in a cell is in a loose form called
chromatin. During the S phase, DNA is duplicated, and each copy of DNA is held together at an area of the DNA called the centromere. Each copy is called a sister chromatid. A
chromosome is a tightly coiled molecule of DNA packaged with proteins. Only appears during mitosis.DNA appears in various forms at different stages of the cell cycle.
Slide20Sexual reproduction involves the contribution of geneticmaterial from two parents, and results in….
genetic variation!
intercourse
Slide21Human Chromosome NumberHuman body cells contain 2 copies of each of 23 chromosomes.1 copy comes from each parent2 copies = diploid (2n)
chromosome 19
copy from dad
copy from mom
Each set of chromosomes is homologous – they are the same size and contain the same information
Slide22Human Chromosome NumberHuman body cells contain 2 copies of each of 23 chromosomes.1 copy comes from each parent2 copies = diploid (2n)
chromosome 19
copy from dad
copy from mom
Each set of chromosomes is homologous – they are the same size and contain the same information
After doubling during the S phase, the homologous chromosomes now form tetrads.
Slide23Human Cell TypeSomatic Cellsbody cells
diploid (2n) = 2 copies of 23 chromosomesmade by mitosisGametesegg and spermhaploid (1n) = 1 copy of 23 chromosomesmade by meiosis
Slide24Meiosis (aka reduction division) is the process in which gametes are made.
Just like mitosis, except…
e
ach cell divides two timeseach cell produces 4 daughter cells
cells produced are haploid, not diploid
e
ach cell produced is different from the parent
Slide25There are many ways in which meiosis results in genetic variation, or different combinations of DNA.
1. Crossing-overDuring prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad. Chromatids then cross over each other, and the crossed sections are exchanged. This results in new combinations of genes (DNA).
Slide26There are many ways in which meiosis results in genetic variation, or different combinations of DNA.
2. Random (or Independent) AssortmentChromosomes are separated into gametes randomly. That is why you inherit traits by chance, and you get a mix of traits from each parent.
Slide27There are many ways in which meiosis results in genetic variation, or different combinations of DNA.3. MutationSometimes there is a mistake in the DNA that is not caught.
Slide28There are many ways in which meiosis results in genetic variation, or different combinations of DNA.4. Fertilization
Reproduction that requires 2 parents results in variation because any combination of egg and sperm is possible. Fertilization (when an egg and sperm combine) restores the correct chromosome number. 23
2346
Slide29There are many ways in which meiosis results in genetic variation, or different combinations of DNA.
5. NondisjunctionNondisjunction is when chromosomes don’t separate correctly in meiosis. It leads to the wrong number of chromosomes. It results in genetic disorders like Down Syndrome.
Slide30The genetic variation produced by meiosis ensures that there is a wide variety of traits in offspring.
Slide31Quizlet Live!
Slide32It’s time for…Trashketball!
Slide33Write On Your BoardWhat type of cell are egg and sperm? (gamete or somatic)
gametes
Slide34Write On Your BoardWhat type of cell is a skin cell? (gamete or somatic)
somatic cells
Slide35Write on Your BoardWhat type of cell is a gamete (diploid or haploid), and how many chromosomes does it contain?
haploid, 23
Slide36Write on Your BoardWhat type of cell is a somatic cell (diploid or haploid), and how many chromosomes does it contain?
diploid, 46
Slide37Write on Your BoardWhat kind of cell is made by mitosis?somatic cells
Slide38Write on Your BoardWhat kind of cell is made by meiosis?gametes
Slide39Write on Your BoardA skin cell has 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the same organism’s sperm?
18
Slide40Write on Your BoardA nerve cell has 102 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the same organism’s eggs?
51
Slide41Write on Your BoardAn egg cell has 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the same organism’s liver cell?
96
Slide42Write on Your BoardA sperm cell has 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the same organism’s bone cells?
44
Slide43Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: produces 2 cells
mitosis
Slide44Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: produces cells that are identical to the parent
mitosis
Slide45Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: produces cells that are genetically different from the parent
meiosis
Slide46Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: produces 4 cells
meiosis
Slide47Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: chromosome # is the same as parent
mitosis
Slide48Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: has half as many chromosomes as parent cell
meiosis
Slide49Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: increases genetic diversity
meiosis
Slide50Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: chromosome number is divided in half
meiosis
Slide51Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: results in clones
mitosis
Slide52Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: crossing-over occurs
meiosis
Slide53Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: asexual reproduction
mitosis
Slide54Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: makes gametes
meiosis
Slide55Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: part of sexual reproduction
meiosis
Slide56Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: makes somatic cells
mitosis
Slide57Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: occurs in reproductive organs (ovaries, testes)
meiosis
Slide58Write on Your BoardMitosis or meiosis: occurs in somatic cells
mitosis
Slide59Write on Your BoardWhat does crossing-over result in?
different combinationsof DNA (genes)
Slide60What stage?
Slide61What stage?
Slide62What stage?
Slide63What stage?
Slide64What stage?
Slide65The cell spends most of its time in…what stage?
Slide66Which is a result of mitosis?A. four sex cellsB. four haploid cellsC. two diploid daughter cells
D. two haploid daughter cells2 pts.
Slide67Why is cytokinesis important in cell division?A. The cell growsB. The nucleus dividesC. Chromosomes are duplicated
D. The cytoplasm and cell membrane split, forming two daughter cells2 pts.
Slide68Before the process of mitosis can start, which must occur?A. DNA replicationB. RNA transcriptionC. Protein translation
D. Microtubule formation2 pts.
Slide69Which is most likely occurring when animal cells undergo mitosis at an abnormally high rate?A. Gametes are being producedB. Cells are undergoing cytolysisC. Haploid
cells are being createdD. Cancerous tumors are developing4 pts.
Slide70Some species of starfish can reproduce by breaking off an arm or splitting in half. Each arm or half then becomes a whole new organism genetically identical to the parent. Which type of cell division occurs in this process?A. MeiosisB. MitosisC. Budding
D. Conjugation4 pts.
Slide71Why does meiosis promote genetic variability?A. Meiosis undergoes one cell division producing diploid cells.B. Meiosis undergoes one cell division producing haploid cells.C. Meiosis undergoes two cell divisions producing diploid cells.
D. Meiosis undergoes two cell divisions producing haploid cells.4 pts.
Slide72An individual has three number 21 chromosomes. Which is most likely the cause?A. DisjunctionB. Crossing overC. Gene mutationD. Nondisjunction
4 pts.
Slide73Which explains the significance of meiosis in the development of gametes?A. Meiosis produces identical daughter cells.B. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by one-half.C. Meiosis combines an egg and a sperm
to form a zygote.D. Meiosis increases the number of offspring an organism can produce.4 pts.
Slide74What is a result of crossing over during meiosis?A. Genetic variationB. Extra chromosomes formedC. Loss of chromosomes
D. Production of gametes4 pts.
Slide75How does crossing over contribute to greater genetic diversity? A. It results in the exchange of proteins. B. It produces new combinations of alleles.C. It reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell.
D. It separates the chromosomes at the centromeres. 6 pts.
Slide76During which actions can an exchange of genetic information occur during meiosis, rather than during mitosis? A. assortment and alignment B. alignment and crossing over C. crossing over and replication
D. assortment and crossing over 6 pts.
Slide77Meiosis produces cells in the haploid state. In which process is the chromosome number restored to the diploid state? A. ovulation B. fertilizationC. nondisjunctionD. spermatogenesis
6 pts.
Slide78Which best describes the purpose of sexual reproduction? A. to produce offspring that are nonviable B. to produce offspring that are genetically identicalC. to produce offspring that exhibit greater genetic variations
D. to produce offspring that are genetically identical to their parents 6 pts.
Slide79Nondisjunction during meiosis results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in one or more gametes. In some cases of nondisjunction, a single chromosome fails to separate. In others, none of the chromosomes separate. Suppose an egg is produced in which none of the chromosomes separate during meiosis II. What is the chromosome number of the zygote that results if this egg is fertilized by a normal sperm? A. 1nB. 2n
C. 2n+1 D. 3n6 pts.
Slide80The skin cells of an adult female rat has 40 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. A healthy egg cell would contain which number and type of chromosomes? 20 autosomes and 1 X chromosome 20 autosomes and 1 Y chromosome
40 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes 40 autosomes and 2 Y chromosomes 6 pts.