Beginning of the Cold War - PowerPoint Presentation

Beginning of the Cold War Turn-In: Pg. 582 #1 – 6; omit #2 Warm Up: Vocabulary Words 1 – 7 Notes: Pg. 1 – 2

But First…. Let me take a SELFIE (Review) Unit 7 Notes Questions!!! The man’s beard says the “old nine”. To whom does that refer? How many justices did FDR want toadd to the Court?Why did he want to do that?What does the reference to “The Bench” stand for?Who appoints Supreme Court justices?These justices have to also be approved by what group in the federal government?

Main Idea: The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from WWII as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems. Objectives:What caused suspicions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during WWII? What happened to China and Korea?

1. Political Differences The U.S.-Soviet rivalry stemmed in a large part from deep-rooted ideological differences. In the American democratic system, the people voted to elect a president and a Congress from competing political parties. In the Soviet Union, the Communist Party established a totalitarian government in which no opposing parties were allowed to exist.

2. Economic Differences They were also complete opposites when it came to economic ideology. In the American capitalist system, citizens and corporations drove almost all economic activity. In the Soviet Union, the state controlled all property and all economic activity.

3. Left Over Drama There were lingering tensions from WWII:Stalin had been allies with Hitler The American nuclear secretStalin’s refusal to allow democracy in Poland The U.S. wanted to spread free trade across the globe.

Communism Spreads… The Soviet Union had suffered heavy devastation on its own soil during WWII. Soviets felt justified in laying claim to Eastern Europe because they felt it could stop future invasions from the west. Stalin installed Communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland. These countries became known as satellite nations , countries dependent upon and dominated by the Soviets. In 1946, Stalin announced that communism and capitalism were incompatible and that another war was inevitable . As tensions mounted, Europe found itself divided into two political and economic regions. Western Europe was mostly democratic and capitalist. The other was Communist Eastern Europe.

How can we contain it? From a speech by Churchill , the phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for this division in Europe. All these conflicts are what led to the Cold War, a conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in which neither nation directly confronted the other on the battlefield. It would dominate global affairs from 1945 – 1991. February 1946 Truman said it was time to stop “babying the Soviets” and an American diplomat, George F. Keenan, proposed a policy of containment – taking measure to prevent any extension of Communist rule to other countries.

Containment policies!! The U.S. needed more intelligence -gathering organizations to collect information about Communist activity, both in Europe and at home. Led to the creation of the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Truman Doctrine – started when Britain asked the US to take responsibility of aiding Turkey and Greece but was declared that the U.S. would be supporting people around the world who were fighting against outside forces trying to take over their governments. Marshall Plan – directed “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger , poverty, desperation and chaos”

Even Superpowers have struggles Since Europe was flourishing, in 1948 Britain, France, and the U.S. decided to combine their three occupation zones in Germany into one nation. However, it was surrounded by Soviet-occupied territory. Berlin, the German capital city, was in the heart of the Soviet zone, but was also divided into four occupation zones. When the others united, Stalin saw this as an opportunity to take over all of Berlin. Stalin closed all highway and rail routes into West Berlin and prevented any food or fuel to reach the city. His purpose was to try and drive out Britain, France, and the U.S. out of the city for good. Instead of retreating, they enacted the “Berlin Airlift ” and fly food and supplies into West Berlin. May 1949, the Soviet Union realized it was beaten and lifted the blockade.

NATO The Berlin blockade increased Western European fear of Soviet aggression. As a result, ten Western European nations, the U.S. and Canada formed a defensive military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). For the first time in its history, the U.S. made a military alliance with other nations during peacetime. The Soviet Union was not the only enemy practicing communism.

Chinese Civil War For over a decade before WWII, Chinese Communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek. But when Japan attacked China in 1937, the two sides temporarily joined forces against the invader. Although the U.S. supported Chiang and his fight on communism, his government was corrupt and not supportive of the peasants. Communists led by Mao Zedong rose to power by having strong leadership and working to win peasant support. Although the U.S. attempted to aid, Truman refused to send troops and in May 1949 Chiang and his top followers fled to Taiwan . The struggle in China was internal and the State Department feared that being more involved would have started a war in Asia the U.S. was not prepared to fight.

Korean War As part of its imperialistic expansion, Japan had taken over the Korean peninsula in 1910. Post WWII, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviets. Japanese troops south of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Americans. South Korea was governed by Syngman Rhee, and North Korea by Kim II Sung . Both were devoted Nationalist who wanted to reunite Korea but disagreed about how it would be governed . By 1949, under a UN agreement, The U.S. and the Soviet Union withdrew their troops , but left advisers. On June 25 th , 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38 th parallel with the support money and materials from the Soviet Union in an attempted to control all of Korea. Thus, starting the Korean War.

“Korean” War By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf. North Korea seemed unstoppable. General Douglas MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troops. Most North Koreans surrendered or retreated. Then 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans. After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel, the fighting came to a stalemate . To halt the stalemate, General MacArthur suggested dropping atomic bombs on several Chinese cities. President Truman rejected his request explaining he did not want a land war in Asia ; plus the Soviet Union had a mutual-assistance pact with China, which could cause WWIII . MacArthur continued to urge the President to attack China and even tried to go behind Truman’s back. Truman was furious and on April 1 st , 1951 he fired his general. After nearly 5 million people died, the Korean War came to an end in July 1953. An agreement was signed that ended the war continuing the splitting of North and South Korea at the 38 th parallel.