Chapter 10 p. 356 America Claims and Empire - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 10 p. 356America Claims and Empire

Essential Question: Which individuals and events moved the US into the role of a world power? Science and Technology: technological advances fueled US imperialism at the turn of the 20th c. Improved equipment increased farm and factory output. Increased output led to a surplus of goods and prompted the need of overseas markets. America in World Affairs: The late 1800s are often referred to as the “Age of Imperialism.” during this time, several European nations took control of much of Africa and parts of Asia and the Pacific. The US joined in the pursuit of colonies. Civil Rights: As the US acquired new territory, questions were raised about the civil rights of the people in these newly acquired lands. Slide2

Section 1 p. 358Imperialism and America

Main Idea: Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the US to expand.Why it matters today: During this time period, the US acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.OBJ: Explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism.Slide3

Queen Liliuokalani: Queen of Hawaii in 1893 when the US took over Hawaii. She realized her reign had come to an end and in an eloquent statement of protest, the proud monarch surrendered to the

superior US force. Hawaii’s annexation was only one of the goals of America’s empire builders in the late 19th c. Haoles – white foreigners in Hawaii. At this time, they planned to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy.By the 1880s, many American leaders had become convinced that the US should join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas. 2. Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories – was already a trend around the world. Slide4

Global competition: European nations had been establishing colonies for centuries. In the late 19th

c AFRICA had emerged as a prime target of European expansionism. By the early 20thc. Only 2 countries – Ethiopia and Liberia – remained independent. How did European imperialism affect Africa? Only 2 African nations remained independent; the rest of the continent was divided up among European nations. Imperialists also competed for territory in Asia, especially in China. In the late 19c, Japan moves towards a strong central government and joins European nations in competition for China in the late 19thc.With Manifest Destiny accomplished in the US, they warmed to the idea of expansion overseas. Slide5

Three factors fueled the new American Imperialism: -

desire for military strength – the US builds new modern steel-hulled (cruisers) navy that transforms the country into the world’s 3rd largest navy. - thirst for new markets – Advances in technology in the late 19c enabled American farms and factories to produce more than its citizens could consume. Now the US needed raw materials for factories and new markets for its agricultural and manufactured goods. Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to overproduction, unemployment and economic depression. - belief in cultural superiority- the US was responsible to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples.” A one culture view. Slide6

The US and Alaska: Secretary of State under Lincoln, William Seward purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. His purchase was labeled as silly and called “Seward’s Folly.” when Alaska becomes a state in 1959, the US realizes that the land they paid about 2 cents an acre is rich in timber, minerals (gold, etc

.) and oil. The US Takes Hawaii: in the mid 19th c. American-owned sugar plantations accounted for about ¾ of the islands’ wealth. Laborers were imported by the thousands from Japan, Portugal, and China. By 1900 foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered native Hawaiians about 3 to 1. Hawaii’s “duty free” sugar production increases 9 fold. In 1890 the McKinley Tariff eliminated their “duty free” status and they faced competition in American markets. American planters in Hawaii called for the US to annex the islands so they would not have to pay the duty. Slide7
Slide8

The US military and economic leaders understood the value of the islands and in 1887 Hawaii was pressured to allow the US to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor – the kingdom’s best port. IT would be a refueling station for American ships in the Pacific.

Annex: to incorporate territory into an existing country or state. Hawaii’s King Kalakaua was forced by white business leaders to amend Hawaii’s constitution limiting voting rights only to wealthy land owners – he dies in 1891, his sister becomes queen proposing to remove property-owning qualifications for voting. Business groups – with the US ambassador’s blessing- organized a revolution with marines and overthrew the queen. President Cleveland directed that the queen be restored. Cleveland formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii and refused to annex it unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it. 1898 Pres. McKinley annexes Hawaii and it becomes an American territory – Hawaiians never voted. He stated that annexing Hawaii was necessary (Manifest Destiny) because the US needed naval bases to protect tis world trade. It’s annexed and in 1959, it becomes a US state. Slide9

Section 2 p. 362The Spanish-American War

Main Idea: in 1898, the US went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.Why it matters now: US involvement in Latin Amer. and Asia increased greatly as a result of the war and continues today. Obj: Why did some Americans support Spanish control of Cuba, and others sympathized with the rebels?http://my.hrw.com/SocialStudies/ss_2015/student/hs_american_recon/bookpages/library/videos/video.html?shortvid=722242237001&longvid=722242237001_long&title=TR and the Spanish American WarSlide10
Slide11

In 1896 a newspaperman – James Creelman of the New York World- wrote about Spanish atrocities he observed in Cuba. His report was false and was written to sell newspapers and arouse American sympathy for Cubans in their quest for independence from Spain.

Cuba is only 90 miles from south Florida. America’s interest in Cuba – they invested millions in large sugar can plantations. 3. Jose Marti: a Cuban poet and journalist who was exiled to New York and launched a revolution in 1895 to free Cuba from Spain. He resisted by using guerilla tactics, deliberately destroying property, especially American sugar plantations and mills. He provoked US intervention to help the rebels achieve CUBA LIBRE! (free Cuba).US public opinion on Cuba was split: Business and government: wanted to protect investments. Others: enthusiastic about the rebel cause. “Give me liberty or give me death.”Slide12

4. Yellow journalism: a sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers. It held little truths, sold newspapers, and brought about US involvement and started the Spanish-American War.

Hearst – used yellow journalism to fan war fever. When war seemed unlikely, he told his reporter to send untrue pictures and he would furnish the war. What events increased the tension between the US and Spain? The publication of the de Lome letter, which criticized President McKinley, and the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, which many Americans blamed on Spain. The US sent it to Cuba to bring Americans in danger home and to protect Amer. property. More than 260 were killed. The war cry: “Remember the Maine!” In 1976 navy researchers examined the Maine hull. Conclusion: The massive internal explosion was most likely caused by a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker that ignited a nearby supply of weapons. Slide13
Slide14

War Begins: even though Spain agreed to almost everything the US demanded, public opinion favored war. Congress debates and declared war on Apr. 20 1898. This immediately affected the American fleet in the Pacific which steamed to the Philippine islands.

Dewey opened fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila – it’s destroyed within hours. US troops land. Filipinos supported the US. In August the Spanish in Manila surrender. Rough Riders: US voluntary cavalry commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that was trained as cavalry but fought on foot because their horses didn’t reach Cuba in Time – They and 2 Afr/Am units charged up San Juan Hill in a battle in Cuba. They cleared the way for the infantry. Victory! The US then sets its sites on Puerto Rico. Dec. 10, 1898 US/Spain sign the Treaty of Paris: Spain freed Cuba, turned over Guam and Puerto Rico to the US; Spain sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million. Slide15
Slide16

Other views over the results of the treaty: Some felt that the treaty violated the Declaration of Independence by denying self-government to newly acquired territories. Booker T. Washington: the US should settle race-related issues at home before taking on social problems elsewhere Labor leader – Samuel Gompers – feared that Filipino immigrants would compete for American jobs. Slide17

Section 3 p. 368Acquiring New Lands

Main Idea: In the early 1900s the US engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rice, Cuba, and the Philippines.Why it matters today: Today, the US maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide locations. OBJ: Explain US imperialist involvement around the world and the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China.Slide18

6. protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Ratify: to make valid by approvingOpen Door notes: US Sec. of State John Hay issued in 1899 a series of policy statements called the Open Door notes. The notes were letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the US, thus creating an open door. This meant that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China. Imperialist powers reluctantly accepted this policy. It was to protect US access to Chinese markets and to help maintain the independence of China. Slide19

8. Dollar Diplomacy: The US policy of using the nation’s economic power to exert influence over other countries.

George Dewey: commander of American forces during the Spanish-American War that gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila, Philippines. Within hours, his men destroyed every Spanish ship there. Dewey’s victory allowed US troops to land in the Philippines. He had Filipino support.San Juan Hill- Cuba – This is the hill that the Rough Riders and the 9th and 10th cavalry captured during the Spanish-American War. It was strategically important and cleared the way for an infantry attack. Slide20

Boxer Rebellion:

a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence. The Boxers opposed Christianity, the Chinese power structure, and foreigners. Most of its members were young peasant men, and those who joined the group had to follow strict lifestyle guidelines. As China kept its freedom (Open Door notes), Europe and dominated most of china’s large cities. Resentment simmers. This secret society pledged to rid the country of “foreign devils.” They were called the “Boxers” because of their practice of martial arts. They killed hundreds of missionaries as well as Chinese converts. Within 2 months international forces put down the rebellion. Thousands of Chinese people died during the fighting. Slide21

12. Panama Canal: “the big ditch” a water route dug across the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This shortcut would reduce the travel time of commercial and military ships. The US paid a French company for the canal building route through Panama. The US began work in 1904. It is considered one of the world’s greatest engineering feats. It was a series of locks that raised and lowered ships of mountains to the oceans. Total cost: $380 million. Many workers fell ill with yellow fever. Dr. William Gorgas(from Mobile) discovered that yellow fever and malaria were spread by mosquitoes. With extensive spraying, the canal project was able to be completed. The US owned and controlled the Canal Zone until 1999. It opens for business on August 15, 1914 – ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO!

What problems did canal workers encounter in constructing the canal? Builders fought diseases and the difficult removal of soft volcanic soil. They also had to clear brush and drain swamps. Slide22
Slide23

17. Corollary: an additional statement that follows logically from the first one.

13. Roosevelt Corollary: it was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 in which the US would use force to prevent intervention in the affairs of neighboring countries. Many Latin American countries had huge debt from European banks to build RRs and develop industry – Roosevelt feared that if they defaulted on their loans, Europeans might intervene – He was determined to make the US the predominate power in the Caribbean and Central America. He reminded them that the Monroe Doctrine demanded that they stay out of Latin American affairs. “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” The corollary said that the US would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America. Slide24

dollar diplomacy: using the US government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. /dollar diplomacy was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean. It is a US policy of using the nation’s economic power to exert influence over another country.

14.annex: to incorporate territory into an existing country or state.15. guerilla: a member of a military force that harasses the enemy.16. ratify: to make valid by approval.17. Corollary: an additional statement that follows logically from the first one. 18. What 3 factors spurred American Imperialism?Economic competitionPolitical and military competition

A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-SaxonsSlide25

19. How did Queen Liliuokalani’s main goal conflict with American imperialists’ goals? S

he wanted to preserve Hawaii for Hawaiians, while American imperialists wanted to annex the islands. 20. Why was American opinion about Cuban independence divided? US businessmen sided with Spain because they wanted to protect their investments. The Americans, however, sympathized with the Cuban demand for independence – spurred on by yellow journalism and the explosion that mysteriously sunk the US navy ship The Maine. 21. Why was the US interested in events in Puerto Rico? Puerto Rico was strategically important to the US as a way to assert its presence in the Caribbean and as a base for protecting a possible canal through the Isthmus of Panama.22. What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, and how was it crushed? The Boxers staged a revolt to expel foreigners from China, In August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan and the US marched on the Chinese capital. The international force put an end to the rebellion. Slide26

23. What 3 key beliefs about America’s industrial capitalist economy were reflected in the Open Door Policy?US economy’s dependence on exports to ensure growth;

US right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets openClosing an area to American products threatened US survival24. What conflict triggered the war between Russia and Japan?a dispute over Korea25. Why is the construction of the Panama Canal considered one of the world’s greatest engineering feats? To construct the canal, workers fought diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. They also fought soft volcanic soil that was difficult to remove. Slide27

26. Explain the key difference between Woodrow Wilson’s moral diplomacy and Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy. Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America.

Wilson’s “missionary diplomacy” demanded that countries in Latin America set up democracies. Slide28

Roosevelt: helped mediate the settlement in Russo-Japanese War; launched construction of Panama Canal; formulated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. “Big Stick” cast the US in to role of international police officer and had an economic focus

.Dollar diplomacy Used US loans to control affairs of other nations. Wilson: formulated “missionary diplomacy”; ordered US military occupation of Veracruz, MX; sent General Pershing and expeditionary forces to pursue Poncho Villa in Mexico. “missionary diplomacy” cast the US in the role of judge and had a moral tone. Slide29

Effects of American Imperialism:US purchased Alaska in 1867US annexed Hawaii in 1989

In 1898 the US helped Cuba win independence from SpainIn the Treaty of Paris, the US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islandsFollowing the Spanish-American War, the US -reorganized the government of Puerto Rico -established a protectorate over Cuba -crushed a revolt in PhilippinesIn 1899, the Open Door policy established US trading rights in ChinaSlide30

Continued-In the early 1900s, President Roosevelt initiated plans for the Panama Canal and asserted the right of the US to exercise police power in the Western Hemisphere

President Wilson pressured Mexico and other countries in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments. Slide31

STUDY!!!