Dynamic Wireless Communication between PeertoPeer UAVs Simon Khan AFRL Information Directorate Integrity Service Excellence Objectives Todays collection of Tactical ID: 769843
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Dynamic Wireless Communication between Peer-to-Peer UAVs Simon Khan AFRL Information Directorate Integrity Service Excellence
Objectives Today’s collection of Tactical Data Links not Net-Ready Immediate Goals is to find: A wireless solution that could surpass the current wireless capability for UAV Ultimate Goal in the future is to : Have an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) network that guarantees a rapid deployment of a force to any location in the world Instantly communicate with the force using high data rates Provide live feeds of audio and video from individual teams executing engagements
3 What does a Mesh Network do? Cognitive Bridging Nodes can automatically discover themselvesAutomatic Discovery allows dynamic routing Perform as a relay to other nodesMesh points sense their environment automatically, establish a network and compute optimized routes and manage themselves
4 Prominent Wireless Mesh Routing Protocols in the market Babel Routing Protocol Better Approach To Mesh Area Network B.A.T.M.A.N- Adv Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP)
BABEL Advantages and features: Loop free distance vector protocol Quick Convergence Hybrid routing protocol (IPv4 and IPv6 Layer 3) More efficient route selection Disadvantages: - Periodic routing table updates creates more traffic Unsuitable for automatic prefix aggregation for hold timeSmallest support communities to drive the development
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Advantages and features: One of the oldest routing protocols Bigger mesh networking communities to help promote its development Less node needed to forward informationRoute to a particular destination is immediately available Disadvantages:Unnecessary routing traffic generatedIt was once the leading candidate routing protocol Relay all the broadcast messages noting nothing is duplicate creates congestion
B.A.T.M.A.N-Adv Advantages and features: B.A.T.M.A.N-Adv is a layer 2 protocol, self assembling using MAC addressesDistributed knowledge of topology makes efficient and scalable Active open source community to promote its development and supportNodes can participate in a mesh without having an IP Each node only maintains the record of the next linkDisadvantages Routing cost metric based on number of hops.Does not check the quality of each link
Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) Advantages and features: 802.11-2012 supersedes 802.11s (Wireless LAN)Compiled into most versions of Linux KernelPerform link connection in Layer 2 level Calculates routes using data rate and packet loss rateRadio Aware protocolDisadvantages: Open source implementation that provides a relatively weak supporting community- Less secured. However, ongoing researches are conducted to make it more secured such as SHWMP/PA-SHWMP
NASA’s Test On Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Network Technology for Space Proximity Choosing the right protocol for experiment BATMAN-Adv and HWMP were available for many of the target platformsHWMP is included in the Linux Kernel by default
NASA’s Selection for the Test
Mesh Implementations (Firmware) DD-WRT- Most popular firmware but minimal involvement on Wireless Mesh Technology Open-WRT- Linux basedWindows – Windows 7 Android and IPhone- Another development is Smart phone Adhoc Networks (SPAN) Rasberry pi- Airmesh has been successful in integrating BATMAN adv into Rasbain. Open WRT has been ported to the Rasberry Pi Platform. Mesh packages- Quick mesh project, Airmesh, Byzantium, commotion etc. Wireless Nodes Database ( WiND) is being used for open source software.
PLATFORMS
Antenna Range
Througput
Hand off time B.A.T.M.A.N and HWMP
Test Results
Scenario of a Simulation Performed by the University of South Florida Students for the Air Force Using HWMP Class A : High altitude, high speed UAVs are taking reconnaissance data at the altitude of 40000 feet at a speed of 800 km/hClass B: Medium altitude, medium speed UAVs are patrolling certain areas at the altitude of 20000 feet at a speed of 200-300 km/h Class C: Low altitude, low speed UAVs which are hovering or moving at the altitude 0-1000 feet at a speed of 0-100 km/h
Routing path of a Scenario using HWMP PREP PREQ PREQ PREQ PREP PREP Proactive Routing Reactive routing down Proactive Routing A B C
Delivery Ratio Vs Nodes
Latency vs Nodes
Result of the Simulation The excessive nodes and mobility create latency due to large scalability Packet delivery successful 90% Most metrics of the test reveal positive nature of the protocol
Long Term Evolution (LTE) Based on 3GPP standard Provides uplink connection of 50 mbps and downlink connection of 150 mbps Based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) similar to HWMP, Wi-Fi etc LTE in UAV requires eNode for transmission and EPC (Evolved Packet Core) for routingConnectivity is based on second layer of OSI model which resembles with 802.11s
LTE in US Military Networks LTE has been used by different branches of the military using Commercial-Of-The-Shelf (COTS) products. A company like Radisys has been working with the US military to implement LTE networks
4Gmetry’s Solution 4Gmetry™ is a turnkey companion computer , based on XU4 supercomputer and Samsung Exynos™ 5422 octa-core Cortex™ processor. Specifically designed to be the perfect companion of Pixhawk thus enhancing your drone/vehicle’s capabilities. .
Capabilities of 4Gmetry It can fall back to Wi-Fi, 3G, HSDPA and GPRS It can do LTE connection peer to peer HWMP protocol usage is under developmentSuccessfully established a mesh network over a mountain with a 10 Mbps throughput It can also be controlled centrally
Specification of 4Gmetry
Parallel Wireless
LTE Direct by Qualcomm LTE Direct is a new and innovative device-to-device that enables discovering thousands of devices within 500m of radius (5 and half football stadium) LTE Direct is privacy sensitive, battery efficient and autonomous.
Future Work Perform in house research in HWMP algorithm along with LTE communication Use complete COTS products such as Radisys , 4Gmetry or Parallel WirelessFind out what Navy has done with their autonomous drone and see if we could implement themOpen to any helpful suggestion or recommendation
QUESTIONS http://www.onr.navy.mil/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2015/LOCUST-low-cost-UAV-swarm-ONR.aspx