PPT-Correlation vs. Causation

Cum hoc ergo propter hoc With this therefore because of this Correlation A relation existing between phenomena or things or between mathematical or statistical variables which tend to vary be associated or occur together in a way not expected on the basis of chance . If two variables A and B are correlated with high statistical signi64257cance it does not necessarily imply that A causes B nor that B causes A Hence the high correlation between birth rate and number of storks in variously industri alized European c Philosophy 104. Positive Conclusions. Neither Necessary nor sufficient conditions are necessarily causes, however, they are likely candidates to be part or all of a causal explanation.. Some things, however, can be causes without being either necessary or sufficient.. “God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.”. Reinhold Niebuhr.  .  . Class Conduct. :. u. nwarranted . assumption. Begging the Question. This is . a form of circular reasoning. Question-begging premises are . distinct from their conclusions, but cannot be believed without believing the conclusion.. Continue discussion of document design related to scholarly articles and research reports. Learn basic strategies for incorporating data and graphs into informative writing. Compare results of your publication analyses. Correlation vs. Causation . & Fallacious Reasoning. Correlation . vs. . . Causation. Day 1. An example of the problem. How is correlation different from causation?. TIP: . You may want to take notes.. Problem of Causation. For many crimes, we have to show that the Act CAUSED a particular consequence. Causation is part of the Actus Reus of the crime. Need to apply the rules of causation to decide whether D’s guilty act caused the required consequence in the definition of the crime. Correlation and regression are powerful tools, but have limitations.. Correlation and regression describe only linear relationship.. Correlation r and the least-squares regression are not resistant. . Causes are . difference-makers. .. Effect need not be . universal/deterministic. .. N. ot . everyone who is bitten by a cobra . dies. .. N. ot . everyone who dies is bitten by a . cobra. .. B. ut . cobra bites still cause . 1. P(Fido is an animal/ Fido is a dog) = 100%.. 2. P(Fido is a dog/ Fido is an animal) = 100%.. Experiments. Scientific Method. Last time we discussed the . hypothetico. -deductive method, which consisted of four steps:. Correlation. A statistical way to measure the relationship between two sets of data.. Means that both things are observed at the same time.. Causation. Means that one thing will cause the other.. You can have correlation without causation. Pg 337..345: 3b, 6b (form and strength). Page 350..359: 10b, 12a, 16c, 16e. Homework Turn In…. A straight line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. . Correlation. A statistical way to measure the relationship between two sets of data.. Means that both things are observed at the same time.. Causation. Means that one thing will cause the other.. You can have correlation without causation. positive gradient? . A. B. C. D. As height increases, . weight. increases.. Last lesson we looked at. how to plot scatter graphs. . What . does this . scatter . graph show about the relationship between .