Methods to Minimiz - PowerPoint Presentation

Methods to Minimize Commercial Vessel-Generated MarineAcoustic Pollution Lauren Hilliard, Dave McHorneyMichael Palmieri, Grace Pelella 1

Acoustic Pollution Is Endangering Marine Life2

There are Many Sources of Underwater Noise3Seismic Airgun Surveys Military & Civilian SONAR Vessel Noise

Sound is a Form of Energy 4Amplitude Wavelength

The Coast Guard Enforces Maritime Pollution Regulations5 Ballast WaterRelease Chemical Spillage/Dumping Underwater Sound

Review Primary Literature 1Impact on Marine Life 2 Overview of Commercial Shipping 3 Methods that Minimize Acoustic Pollution 4 Regulations and Policies 6

Conducted Interviews with Experts in Government Agencies and the Private Sector7Marine BiologistsAcoustic Engineers Naval ArchitectsEnvironmental and Sustainability ExpertsEnvironmental RegulatorsCompliance InvestigatorsCommercial Shipping Representatives

ObjectivesUnderstand the nature of underwater acoustic pollution and its effects on marine life Identify Methods that ReduceAcoustic Pollution Assess the Feasibility of Noise Reduction Methods Create a Catalog for Future Reference 8

Objective 1Understand the nature of underwater acoustic pollution and its effects on marine life 9

Many Kinds of Marine Life are AffectedShellfishFish Mammals 10

Intense Sound Injures Sensitive OrgansSwim Bladder Sensory Hair CellsInner Ear Eggs & Embryos 11

Intense Sound Causes Behavioral ChangesChanges inMigration UnsafeDiving Beaching 12

Sound Waves Travel Farther Along Deep Sound Channel13

Sound Intensity Increases with Vessel SizeSmall Vessels9% of world fleet, 163 dB Medium Vessels37% of world fleet, 179 dBHeavy Vessels54% of world fleet, 182 dB 14

Regulations and Policies Enforcement Legislative History Organizations and Associations 15

Organizations are Working to Increase Noise Pollution Awareness United States Coast Guard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration International Maritime Organization 16

2014Legislation to Protect Marine Life Has Not Focused on Noise Pollution 1976 1934 1973 2008 1980 1969 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 17 1972

Objective 2Understand the nature of underwater acoustic pollution and its effects on marine life Identify Methods that ReduceAcoustic Pollution 18

Solutions Fall Into Three Broad CategoriesOperations Technologies Vessel Design 19

Design Propellers that Reduce Cavitation 20

Optimize Hull Form to Promote Uniform Wake 21

Hull Add ons can Improve Inflow to the Propeller22

Alternate Propulsion is Quieter than Conventional Engines23

Mount Vessel Machinery on Vibration Insulating Platforms 24

Implementing a Bubble Curtain can Dampen Sound 25

Advanced Hull Coatings Reduce Drag26

A Clean Vessel is a Quiet Vessel27

Vessel Speed Effects Noise Levels28Time toOpen Berth: 3 DaysSet ArrivalTime:3 Days

Objective 3Understand the nature of underwater acoustic pollution and its effects on marine life Identify Methods that ReduceAcoustic Pollution Assess the Feasibility of Noise Reduction Methods 29

Evaluation Criteria 30

Evaluation scale 31Low: Theoretical noise reduction potentialMedium: At least one study with experimental evidenceHigh: Two or more supporting studies Yes: Commercially availableNo: Not commercially available NB: Best suited for newly built ships EV: Can be implemented on existing ships without undue difficulty Found Figures Reported (if available) Positive: At least one study with evidence of improved efficiency Neutral: No evidence of change or evidence of no change Negative: At least one study with evidence of reduced efficiency Low: Little to no increase in maintenance Medium: Risk of increase in maintenance High: Definite increase in maintenance

Results: Highly Skewed Propeller32High + 10-15% Over conventionalpropellerYes Negative EV/NB Low

Results: Hull Cleaning33Medium $1.5-2.5/m2 For divers~$50,000For a hull cleaning robot Yes Positive EV/NB Low

Results: Biomimetic Coating34Low -UnclearPositive EV/NB Medium

Objective 4Understand the nature of underwater acoustic pollution and its effects on marine life Identify Methods that ReduceAcoustic Pollution Assess the Feasibility of Noise Reduction Methods Create a Catalog for Future Reference 35

Organize Catalog for Ease of Reference36

37Brief Summary of MethodPicture of Method Description of evaluation analysis Name of method

The Current State of Noise Pollution38 There is a relationship between noise reduction and operational efficiency Vessel noise limit and measurement procedure have not been established Noise adversely effects marine life, but severity is unknown There are currently no regulations, only voluntary guidelines

The Future of Noise Pollution 39 Perform Noise Focused Testing Establish Standards Potential Regulations

Cavitation Tunnels May Provide Important Experimental Data 40 Lorem ipsum congue Propeller Characteristics Curves Cavitation Extension Visualization & Photos Pressure Pulse Measurements Cavitation Bucket Radiated Noise Measurements

41Thank You

42Debbie DuckworthCAPT Sean BradyCDR Meridena KauffmanLT Braden RostadMelissa Perera Jaideep SirkarCoast Guard Shipyard personnelAker Shipyard personnelProfessors Golding & Higgins Acknowledgments: Michael Bahtiarian William Ellison Jason Gedamke Jolie Harrison Leila Hatch Craig Johnson Lee Kindberg Kathy Metcalf Jesse Spence

References43Slide 2https://wonderopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Beached_Whale_Featured_xl_20426341_(Custom).jpg Slide 21http://footage.framepool.com/en/shot/791710727-devon-strait-container-ship-wake-water-yacht Slide 25 https://www.continental-corporation.com/en/press/press-releases/sound-insulation-for-marine-life--134416