PHA 4035 SAB III Dr Sandra suther Chapter 3 Objectives 1 Summarize the theoretical basis of behavioral medicine practices 2 Explain the role of the human stress response and how behavioral strategies can mitigate stress ID: 1034054
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1. Chapter 5 – Behavioral MedicinePHA 4035 – SAB IIIDr. Sandra suther
2. Chapter 3 - Objectives1. Summarize the theoretical basis of behavioral medicine practices.2. Explain the role of the human stress response and how behavioral strategies can mitigate stress.3. Describe how patient’s decision-making processes affect their choices regard- ing behavioral medicine practices.4. Compare and contrast the most commonly used behavioral approaches to health and illness.5. Describe the role of the pharmacist in helping guide patients toward appropri- ate behavioral health treatments.
3. The Theoretical Basis of Behavioral Medicine Pharmacist are in a unique position to effect behavior change through the application of social science theories” The discipline of health psychology has guided conceptual models into behavior medicine practice. Illness can best be explained and treated if viewed from its biological, psychological and sociological components.
4. The Health Belief Model - One of the most widely used theories in behavioral medicineConceptDefinitionApplication1. Perceived SusceptibilityOne's belief of the chances of getting a conditionDefine population(s) at risk and their risk levelsPersonalize risk based on a person's traits or behaviorsHeighten perceived susceptibility if too low 2. Perceived SeverityOne's belief of how serious a condition and its consequences areSpecify and describe consequences of the risk and the condition 3. Perceived BenefitsOne's belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impactDefine action to take — how, where, whenClarify the positive effects to expectedDescribe evidence of effectiveness 4. Perceived BarriersOne's belief in the tangible and psychological costs of the advised behaviorIdentify and reduce barriers through reassurance, incentives, and assistance 5. Cues to ActionStrategies to activate "readiness"Provide how-to informationPromote awarenessProvide reminders 6. Self-Efficacy Confidence in one's ability to take actionProvide training, guidance, and positive reinforcement
5. Learning Theories and Health Behavior Behavior change is based not only upon the decisions of the individual but also on the external environment in which the decision is made.Learning theories include:Operant conditioningObservational LearningSelf-efficacy
6. Operant conditioningBased on the premise that positive behavioral responses will occur if the person is rewarded for their behavior.Insomnia – Sleeping med – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoNYvOf90
7. Observational Learning Some patients learn to change behavior by observing the actions and consequences of others
8. Self-EfficacyAssociated with motivational concepts such as self-esteem, optimism, goal orientation, academic help-seeking, and anxiety.Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) -Observational learning: Behavioral acquisition that occurs by watching the actions and outcomes of others’ behavior; Include credible role models of the targeted behaviorReinforcements: Responses to a person’s behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence; Promote self-initiated rewards and incentivesSelf-efficacy: The person’s confidence in performing a particular behavior; Approach behavioral change in small steps to ensure success
9. Reciprocal Determinism - Triadic ReciprocityBehavior is influenced by personal perceptions and the environment
10. The Human Stress Response Stress can be useful or damaging to both the physical body and psychological state.Stress that is helpful – Eustress However, prolonged and severe stress can alter the neurophysiology causing depression and anxiety, hypertension, immune problems, greater risk of infections Common chronic stressors – tension at work, personal problems, social, economic, and cultural adaptations
11. Stress Model and Its Influence in the Human Body
12. Placebo Effect A placebo is a substance with no medicinal properties used to treat a physical or psychological condition. it is an inert substance used as a control in an experiment Research conducted on patients with illnesses ranging from arthritis to depression showed a 30–60% substantial improvement in their symptoms after receiving placebo treatmentsThere is a unique and intimate connection between the mind and the bodyPlacebo effects frequently demonstrate an influence of suggestion or how the body is frequently influenced by the mind. A person’s psychological state when influenced by suggestion can trigger neurochemical release, which then can affect that person’s physiology
13. Placebo Effecthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UbQOTyLfVQ
14. Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)CAM - “a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine (The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Factors affecting a patient’s decision to use CAM.Provider CharacteristicsPatients characteristicsPractice characteristics
15. Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)Provider characteristics – the “welcoming” feeling they receive compared to the “cold” feeling of conventional medicine.Practice characteristics – calm, attractive, relaxing physical space used by CAM providersPatient characteristics – educational level and current health status, those suffering form chronic anxiety or pain, seeking more natural, less toxic to body treatment, less risk of iatrogenic disease
16. HomeopathyHomeopathy simply means treating like with like. A substance that causes symptoms of illness in a well person can also be used to cure similar symptoms when they result from illness.Developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843).The “mother tincture” is diluted to make different potencies, then added to tiny lactose tablets, granules, or powder and stored in dark bottles.By diluting a substance, its curative properties are enhanced and any side effects are eliminated.
17. AromatherapyAromatherapy is the use of essential oils from plants to enhance general health and appearance.The highly concentrated essential oils are used for massage, inhaled as a vapor, put in the bath, or sprayed into the air.Some fragrances have an effect on a user’s mental state, while others are physically therapeutic and possess antibacterial, antiseptic, or anti-inflammatory properties.
18. ReflexologyReflexology is a specialized form of massage of the feet and –less commonly- of the hands
19. OsteopathyOsteopaths regard the body as regard the body as a unit, a whole being made up of contributory parts.An abnormality in the structure or reaction of one part exerts an abnormal influence on all the other parts, which in turn affects the whole body.The osteopath’s aim is to correct the dysfunction so that the body is then in a fit state to heal itself.
20. ChiropracticChiropractors regard the body’s nervous system as fundamental to health.Pain and disease are the result of undue pressure on the nervous system by mechanical, chemical, or psychological factors.Because the nervous system is integrated with muscles and bones in the body, diagnosis and assessment of the neuro-musculosceletal condition is undertaken.
21. Alternative MedicineNaturopathyHydrotherapyRolfingTherapeutic massageThe Alexander TechniqueTai ChiYogaAuricular TherapyHypnotherapyBiofeedbackMeditationReikiMagnetic TherapyShiatsuAcupressure
22. Amatlán, Mexico
23. Doña Modesta
24. Pharmacists’ Role in Behavioral Medicine Patient Education - regarding disease state and the impact of interactions between a prescription, over-the counter, and herbal medicines on health are very important predictors for adherence to lifestyle modification and medications Preventative Medicine - interventions include weight management, smoking cessation, cardiovascular diseases and alcohol misuse. Additionally, the pharmacist’s involvement in immunization has been found to increase the rate and uptake of adult vaccinations, further depicting their influence on patient behavior