Moist Dry environments. 1) Swimming sperm . (club moss, horsetails, ferns). 2) Airborne pollen swimming sperm . (few gymnosperms). 3)Airborne pollen . (gymnosperms & angiosperms). ID: 651494
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FLOWERS !
Slide2Land Plants ReviewMoist Dry environments
1) Swimming sperm
(club moss, horsetails, ferns)
2) Airborne pollen + swimming sperm (few gymnosperms)3)Airborne pollen (gymnosperms & angiosperms)4) Animal borne pollen (angiosperms)
Slide3Brief History of Land Plants~470 MYA 1st Land Plants
300 MYA 500 species-club mosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms
150 MYA 3,000 species mostly gymnosperms
90 MYA 22,500 species—mostly angiospermsToday 300,000 species—mostly angiosperms
Slide45 STAGES OF LAND PLANT EVOLUTION
Slide5Slide6Slide75 STAGES OF LAND PLANT EVOLUTION
Slide8Slide9Slide105 STAGES OF LAND PLANT EVOLUTION
Slide11Slide125 STAGES OF LAND PLANT EVOLUTION
Slide13Slide145 STAGES OF LAND PLANT EVOLUTION
Slide15Slide16What do you conclude from these data?
Why have angiosperms been so successful compared to gymnosperms?
Slide17Why have angiosperms been so successful?Adaptations to dry landRapid reproduction cycle & Early maturity
Flowers
with
Well protected and well-nourished seedsEfficient seed dispersal mechanismsEfficient pollinationRecall the evolution of sperm transfer
Water
Air
(wind)
Animals especially
Insects
Slide18But first animals on land were arthropods
.
First
insect fossils ~ 470
mya at the same time as the first land plants colonized land.First flying insects ~325 mya.
Major diversification of insects (bees, flies, butterflies & moths) ~150 mya occurred along with the radiation of flowering plants
Slide19Phylum Angiosperms ( Flowering Plants)Two major classes
Monocotylendonae
Eudicotyledonae
Slide20Types of Flowers
Complete Flowers
(Perfect Flowers)= flowers with all
of the usual male and female parts
Slide21Slide22Slide23Slide24Double Fertilization
Triploid Endosperm (3n)
Slide25Fruit Formation
Slide26SEEDSEu
Slide27Types of Flowers Cont’.Incomplete Flowers (Imperfect Flowers) =Flowers with one or more basic parts missing
e.g.
Pistillate flowers
have only female pistile.g. Staminate flowers have only male stamen
Slide28Corn with incomplete flowers
Slide29Flower SymmetryRadial Symmetry (Circular & disk-like)
Line through the center in any direction forms identical halves. (Attracts general pollinators)
Slide30Tallest FlowerHasRadial symmetry
“Corpse Flower”
Amorphophallus titanum
Slide31
Largest BlossomRafflesia arnoldii
Slide32Flower SymmetryBilateral SymmetryLine through the center in one direction can produce mirror images.
(These flowers
attract
specific pollinators)
Slide33Composite Flowers = Flowers grouped together into clusters to produce a showy display
Slide34Head of a sunflower
Slide35PollinationWind Pollination –earliest pollination Characteristics of wind pollinated flowers
Unisexual flowers—encourages outbreeding
Monoecious
= corn, oak, melonsDioecious= willows, poplars, maples, spinach, asparagus
Slide36Wind pollination in angiosperms (grasses)
Characteristics of wind pollinated flowers:
Small inconspicuous
Without petals
No
scent
or nectar
Large quantity of pollen produced
Slide37Animal PollinationMany types of animals involved:85% of flowers pollinated by insects (bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, ants); they get pollen and nectar.
Birds and a few small mammals especially bats
Less pollen needs to be produced than in wind pollination
Flowers are bisexual—increases efficiency
Slide38Generalist vs. Specialist StrategiesGeneralist
Flowers
—attract many pollinators
Specialist—attracts only one pollinatorDisadvantage –flower and pollinator are dependent upon one anotherBenefit for plant—prevents waste of pollen & nectar for inefficient pollinationBenefit for pollinator—monopoly of food source
Slide39The Co-Evolution of Flowers and their Pollinators
Slide40Attracting PollinatorsColor & UV & electric patternsNectar guides—lines of color that “guide” the pollinator to the nectaries (glands that produce the sugar water)Fragrance—scent glands
Sex
Slide41Bee FlowersFlowers open during dayBees visit many speciesSome flowers are specialized
only for bees
Slide42Buzz Pollination
Some bee species grab tubular anthers & vibrate flight muscles and shake the pollen out of pore at
the end.
Slide43Nectar Guides
Slide44Ultraviolet Light Patterns
Dandelion
Slide45Ultraviolet Light Patterns
Silverweed
Slide46SexFlower that mimics female bees by color and scent to attract male bees.
Bee orchid
Slide47Bird Flowers (e.g. hummingbird) Color red or orangeProduce lots of nectarFlowers large and shaped as tubes or funnels, cups or flasks.
Lack odor
Slide48Bat FlowersNocturnal flowersPale colorStrong scent
Bats with long
Nose and tongue. Some hover, some don’t
Slide49Fly FlowersFlies are second most common pollinatorsSmell is primary attractant
Color yellow, green, white, can be mottled and look & smell like rotting meat
Slide50Butterfly FlowersDiurnal Bright colorsSmell modest
Petals fused
into long tubes
for proboscis
Slide51Moth FlowersFlowers are nocturnalPale color
Strong sweet smell
Petals fused into long tubes for long proboscis
Slide52The case of the hawk moth and the iris
Slide53Hawkmoths & the S. African Iris
Hawkmoths are important pollinators!
S. African Iris produces nectar inside
a flower tube as a reward for pollinators.The ‘flower tube’ can vary in length.How does the Hawkmoth pollinate?...
Slide54How do hawkmoths pollinate S. African iris?
Hawkmoths stick their long
tongues
inside the flower tube to collect the nectar. When their tongue is inside, the the pollen from the stigma sticks to the head of the hawkmoth.When they visit a new flower, they
transfer the pollen from previous plant visits.
Tongue
length
Flower tube
length
Slide55Distribution of flower tube length
Slide56Distribution of moth tongue lengths
Slide57AB
C
Short
flower tube length
Long
Q
uestion :
w
hat
kind of selection do you think hawkmoth tongue length will have on flower tube length?
Slide58Other Pollinators:Mouse
Slide59
Next Slides
Land biomes
Vascular plants of natl’s upland pine
Morphology of range plants
Plants kingdom plantae who are the plants?
Plants kingdom plantae who are the plants?
Careers in floral design
Veena nursery
Kingdom plantae
Evolution of land plants