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Fungi and Your Food *****Disclaimer: This file intended for educational purposes only. All image credits for those that require citations (i.e. not in the public domain and/or taken by the author) are listed on the final slide.
What are Fungi? Eukaryotic Have a cell wall with Chitin Heterotrophic Absorptive nutrition Produce spores Many have a network of tubes (hyphae) form a mycelium Mycelium Tube-like Cell structure
Fungi are their own kingdom Animals Barton et al. Evolution Fungi Plants
Fungi are not plants Plants make their own nutrition (sugar) from light and water via photosynthesis. Fungi are more similar to and related to animals than they are to plants, and fungi must obtain nutrients from other organisms.
Heterotrophy Obtain nutrition by absorbing nutrients found or produced by other organisms. Corn Pathogen (Huitlacoche) Animal Horn decaying fungus Cheese associate (Blue cheese)
What do Fungi do? Many ecological roles: Plant pathogen Decompose Mycorrhizae – root associates Animal pathogens
Fungi and Food Plant Pathogens Food Spoilage Mycorrhizae Fermentation Edible Mushrooms Impact on plant based food production Fungi as foods
Plant Pathogens
Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fungi are the most important (=biggest) group of plant pathogens . Pathogens are infectious agents that cause disease in their hosts. There are more than 8,000 known fungal plant pathogens.
Key Concept #1 The production of almost all the plant-based food that you eat is impacted by at least one major fungal disease (and therefore prevention).
Top 10 most important plant pathogenic fungi* (and their hosts) Magnaporthe oryzae (Rice, see following slide) Botrytis cinerea (multiple hosts) Puccinia spp. (Wheat)Fusarium graminearum (Cereals) Fusarium oxysporum (Many crops)Blumeria graminis (Wheat and Barley)Mycosphaerella graminicola (wheat) Colletotrichum spp. (Many crops) Ustilago maydis (Corn)Melampsora lini (Flax) *According to Dean et al. 2012 Molecular Plant Pathology
Examples of Plant Pathogens
Rice Blast Magnaporthe oryzae Estimated to kill enough rice to feed 60 million people every year . Resistant to both chemical treatments and genetic modifications to rice
Ergot of Rye Claviceps purpurea Causes Ergotism : Convulsive – seizures, spasms, psychosis, nausea Vasoconstrictive - gangrene, edema, low blood pres. Historical significance – St. Anthony’s Fire, Salem Witch Trials Ergometrine Ergotamine Sclerotium of C. purpurea
Painting by Matthias Grünewald of a patient suffering from advanced Ergotism from approximately 1512–16 CE
Fungicides Fungicides are chemicals that kill fungi (used in agricultural settings). Most (non-organic) vegetables and fruits produced in the US have been sprayed with at least one fungicide.
Fungicide Usage (in 2005) Wheat, Corn, Barley, Oats, etc. Phillips McDougall. 2006. Phillips McDougall Agriservice Report. Pathhead , Midlothian, Scotland, UK
What types of management practices could limit fungal disease in agricultural crops? Fungicides Avoidance of infected sites Crop Rotation Breed host resistance (Traditional or GMO) Irrigation practices Row spacing Timing of planting Biocontrol (Bacteria) Limit Moisture!!
Food Spoilage
Food spoilage occurs during post-harvest and storage of crops and foods. Fungi that cause food spoilage often produce secondary compounds that are active in humans.
Examples of Fungi in Food Spoilage
Aflatoxins Aspergillus spp. Some of the most toxic compounds produced by fungi. Carcinogenic! Liver damage and liver cancer. Contaminate foods before harvest or during storage. Frequently found in food crops such as peanuts and corn.
Fruit and Bread Molds Penicillium spp. -Produce many types of antibiotics (including Penicillin) Rhizopus stolonifer
Maple Syrup Fungus Wallemia sebi Xerophilic – “Dry loving” Osmotolerant – can grow in high concentration solutions (high sugar or salt concentrations) Kent Loeffler
Mycorrhizae
Key Concept #2 Not all fungi have negative impacts on plants. Many fungi help plant growth or prevent animal herbivory.
Root Associates A mycorrhiza is a specialized association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. Nutrients are exchanged between the fungus and the plant: Two major types of mycorrhizae exist. One of these types predominate in temperate forests, and the other in grasslands and tropical forests. Sugars H 2 O, Micronutrients ( e.g. Phosphorus)
Examples of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Production
Flax Flax is used in both food and linen production Flax is dependent on its mycorrhizal association “Tree-shaped” structures are the fungus growing into flax root cells.
Corn Studies have shown corn with mycorrhizae show: Increased salt tolerance Improvement in low temperature stress
Fermentation
Key Concept #3 Fungi have been used in food production for thousands of years.
Examples of Fungi in Fermentation
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae They are unicellular and some can live in low oxygen environments . They use sugars and give off carbon dioxide (CO2) through respiration - this is how yeasts make bread rise.Bread, wine, beer, etc.
Cheese Some cheeses are “ripened” using Penicllium and other fungi. Blue cheese, Camembert, Brie, Gorgonzola, etc.
Other Fermented Foods Meju – Essential Korean Cooking Paste ( Aspergillus oryzae ) Tempeh – Fermented Soy Cake ( Rhizopus spp.) Red Yeast Rice – Chinese Food Coloring ( Monascus )
Edible Mushrooms
Agaricus bisporus Cremini, portobello, baby bella, button mushroom, champignon mushroom. More than $800 million produced/ year.
Truffles Edible truffles – Tuber spp. “Black diamonds” Harvested using pigs, dogs, or a truffle rake.
“Trufficulture”
Wild mushroom hunting
Key Concepts The production of almost all the plant-based food that you eat is impacted by at least one major fungal disease . Not all fungi have negative impacts on plants. Many fungi help plant growth . Fungi have been used in food production for thousands of years.
Image Credits Slide 2 - By Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg: Onderwijsgekderivative work: Ak ccm - This file was derived from Amanita muscaria 3 vliegenzwammen op rij.jpg:, CC BY-SA 3.0 nl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21983879Slide 3 – Flax seeds By Sanjay Acharya - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5805308 Slide 4 - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HYPHAE.pngSlide 6 - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photosynthesis.gif Slide 7 - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Huitlacoche2.jpg , https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bleu_de_Gex.jpg , O. equina by Lairich Rig https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_fungus_-_Onygena_equina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_920334.jpg Slide 8 – Mycorrhizae Coutesy of Plant Health Care, Inc., Botrytis on Strawberry - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aardbei_Lambada_vruchtrot_Botrytis_cinerea.jpg , Entomophthora - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2011-06-20_Entomophthora_muscae_(Cohn)_ Fresen_204248.jpg Slide 10 and Slide 13 - Botrytis on Strawberry - https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aardbei_Lambada_vruchtrot_Botrytis_cinerea.jpg Slide 16 - " Claviceps purpurea " by Dominique Jacquin - Dominique Jacquin . Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claviceps_purpurea.JPG#/media/File:Claviceps_purpurea.JPG Slide 19 - Phillips McDougall. 2006. Phillips McDougall Agriservice Report. Pathhead , Midlothian, Scotland, UK Slide 24 – Aspergillus on Corn - https ://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/crop-management/corn-insect-disease/aspergillus-ear-rot / Slide 25 – Rhizopus – Encyclopedia Britannica 2013. Slide 26 – Wallemia in culture - By Hainguyen1984 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25316558 Slide 27 – Glomus arbuscle – Mark Brundrett http:// mycorrhizas.info/resource.html Slide 31 – Flax seeds - By Sanjay Acharya - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5805308
Image Credits (continued) Slide 33 and 38 – Tempeh By FotoosVanRobin from Netherlands - Tempe, CC BY-SA 2.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7915397 Slide 37 – Camembert CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=653355Slide 38 – Red Yeast Rice By FotoosVanRobin from Netherlands - Tempe, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7915397Slide 40 – Tom Volk’s fungus of the month - http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/apr2001.htmlSlide 41 – Truffle hunting w/pig - http://www.davidlebovitz.com/2010/02/truffle-hunting-in-france / Fresh Shaved truffles - http:// www.almagourmet.com/store/fresh-summer-truffles-8-ounce-p-638.html?zenid=74bd8a6dcd6f8c2543a4f6b7f773b95f