Biology and Science Biology The study of life From the Greek Bios Life Logos logy word or reason study of Biology and Science Branches of biology ID: 497142
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Slide1
Introduction to BiologySlide2
Biology and Science
Biology
The
study of life.
From
the Greek -
Bios
- "Life"
Logos
(logy) - "word or reason" - study of Slide3
Biology and Science
Branches of biology
Botany
-
study of plants
Zoology
-
study of animals
Anatomy
-
study of the structure of living things.
Taxonomy
-
study of the classification of living things.
Genetics
-
study of heredity.
Physiology
-
study of the functions of living things.
Microbiology
-
study of
organisms at microscopic
levelSlide4
Biology and Science
Science
Body
of knowledge gained by observation and experiment
.
Pure Science
Basic research; Answers questions
Applied Science
Uses
knowledge gained in basic research
Solve practical problems
Other
sciences important to biology
Chemistry
- study of matter,
structure
and
its changes
Physics
-
relationship
between matter
and
energy.Slide5
Scientific Investigations
Scientific Method
Logical
, orderly way to solve a problem or answer a question.
Steps
State
the
Problem
Gather
Information on Problem
Form
a
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Observe
and Record Data from the Experiment.
State
a
Conclusion
Accurately
Report Research Methods, Results, and
Conclusions
Slide6Slide7
Scientific Investigation
State the
Problem
D
efine
what you are trying to
discover
Gather Information on Problem
Collect/study
previous information
May
already have been answered.
Usually
library
research/Internet StudiesSlide8
Scientific Investigation
Form a Hypothesis
Hypothesis
-
working explanation or trial
answer
an "
educated guess"
Based
on the available information.
Attempts
to explain the observed facts.
Tested
many
times before acceptance
May
have to be changed if test results don't support the hypothesisSlide9
Scientific Investigation
Experimentation or Test the Hypothesis
Experiment
Test to prove
or
disprove
the hypothesis.
Experimental Factor/Variable
What
you are trying to
answer
Test only one variable at a time
Independent Factor – changes by itself
Dependent Factor – changes because other factors
Control
T
ested
the same as the experimental part
except experimental
factor is omittedSlide10
Scientific Investigation
Observe and Record Data from the Experiment.
The
results.
Includes:
Notes
, drawings, tables, graphs, or other
forms
of information.Slide11
Scientific Investigation
State a Conclusion
Based
on the facts observed
in experiment
.
Answer
to your problem.
Theory - Best explanation to the problem
Hypothesis
that has been supported by
experimental evidence
over and
over
Strengthen
or weakened by new
data
.
Law
-
the way nature behaves.Slide12
Scientific Investigation
Accurately Report
Research
Methods, Results, and Conclusions
Publish
report.
Informs
others of the new information
Saves
time, effort, money, and
speeds progress
.
Slide13
Scientific Investigation
Microscopes
History of development
Middle Ages - single lens magnifying glasses
1590 ‘s - Janssen brothers, Dutch eyeglass makers
First known compound microscope
Two lenses at opposite ends of a tube.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Used to his microscopes to observe many different things including bacteria
Considered beginning of microbiology. Slide14Slide15Slide16
Scientific Investigation
Types of Microscopes
Compound Light Microscope
Uses visible light to light specimen
Must consist of 2 lenses – most have many
Eyepiece lens
Objective lenses
Electron Microscopes
Use beam of high speed electrons to illuminate specimen
Types
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Electron beam passes through specimen
Magnifies about 200,000x.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Electron beam bounces off surface
Produces 3-D images.
Slide17Slide18
Scientific Investigation
Attributes of a Microscope
Magnification - increase in size of image of specimen
Each lens shows number of times it will magnify;
10x - 10 times; 40x - 40 times
Total magnification found by finding the product of eyepiece and objective magnifications
eyepiece lens = 10x
objective lens = 40x
Total Magnification = 400x (10 x 40)
Greatest magnification about 2000x with light microscope
Resolution (Resolving Power)
Measure of the clarity and sharpness of the image; ability to show close objects are really separate.
More magnification usually mean poorer resolution. Slide19
Scientific Investigation
Other Major Equipment
Ultracentrifuge - spins materials at very high speeds
Separates solids from liquids using centrifugal force.
Chromatography - Separating substances in a mixture
Uses differences in solubility of solids in a solvent
Electrophoresis - separates due to electrical charges.
Computers
Make long, complex calculations; modeling.
Organize data. Slide20Slide21
Characteristics of Life
Living things organize protoplasm
Display Metabolism and Require Energy
Respond to Environment
Adapt to the Environment
Exhibit Growth and Development.
Capable of ReproductionSlide22
Characteristics of Life
Living things organize protoplasm
Protoplasm
- special system of very complex compounds reacting
Protoplasm is nonliving
Doesn't have a definite composition
Protoplasm organized into cells - common unit of life
When parts of protoplasm work together producing chemical activity then life exists.
Levels of organization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Slide23Slide24
Characteristics of Life
Display Metabolism and Require Energy
All living things perform chemical activities
Transform energy (ability to do work).
Metabolism
- all chemical reactions in an organism
Anabolism
– assembly of compounds; stores energy;
Catabolism
- breakdown compounds; energy released,
Energy Relationships
All energy for life comes from sunlight.
Autotroph
- makes its own food.
Heterotroph
- eats other organisms.Slide25
Characteristics of Life
Metabolic Functions
Ingestion
- take in materials
Digestion
- breakdown of complex food materials.
Assimilation
– assembly of new materials
Respiration
- release of energy from food
Aerobic
- uses oxygen
Anaerobic
- without using oxygen.
Excretion
- waste material elimination. Slide26
Characteristics of Life
Respond to Environment
Stimulus
Change in the environment.
Response
Action of an organism caused by stimulus.
Irritability
Ability of organism to respond to stimulus. Slide27
Characteristics of Life
Adapt to the Environment
Some organisms have characteristics that enable survival a harsh environment.
Variations
- differences in organisms.
Adaptation
- characteristic of an organism that enables it to live in its environment.
Adapted organisms are capable of surviving and reproducing.
Organisms don't instantly change. Slide28
Characteristics of Life
Exhibit Growth and Development.
Growth - increase in size
Either cell size or cell number increases.
Development
- series of orderly changes in form and function.
Occur from beginning to maturity and death of organism.
Stages
Beginning
Growth
Maturity
Decline
DeathSlide29
Characteristics of Life
Capable of Reproduction
Process where organism makes more of its own kind.
Necessary for species survival not individual.
Prevents extinction of the species.
Forms of reproduction
Sexual
- requires 2 parents
Asexual
- requires 1 parentSlide30
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Spontaneous Generation -
Abiogenesis
Before mid 17th century, many believed living things developed from nonliving materials.
Frogs and eels - made from pond mud
Rotting meat - turned into maggots then flies.
Jean van
Helmont
, Belgian doctor, 1600's
Recipe for mice
Dirty shirt in container of wheat would produce mice in 21 days.
Abiogenesis
Idea that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter.Slide31
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Principle of Biogenesis
Idea that living things could develop only from other living things.
Now part of Cell Theory
Support for Biogenesis
Francesco
Redi's
- 17th C Italian physician
John Needham's - 18th C English scientist.
Lazzaro
Spallanzani's
- 19th C Italian biologist.
Louis Pasteur's - 19th C French chemist
Slide32
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Redi's
Experiment - 17th century
Believed flies came from eggs laid by other flies.
Place raw meat in jars - sealed some, left some open.
Maggots (fly larvae) appeared in open jars; none in closed
People argued that air needed, provided vital force.
Repeated experiment - didn't seal jars
Covered some with fine netting
Maggots appeared in open jars; not in net covered jars
Eggs found on the netting.
Proved flies came from other flies.Slide33Slide34
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Needham's Experiment - 18th century
Heated meat broth
Believed boiling would kill all living things in broth.
Allowed broth to cool then loosely sealed flasks.
Found microorganisms in broth several days later.
Concluded microbes appeared spontaneously.
Slide35
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Spallanzani's
Experiment - 19th century
Believed Needham hadn't boiled broth long enough
Boiled broth in sealed flasks for about 1 hour.
After several days - no growth
Opponents believe boiling destroys "active principle"
Believed air was necessary
Repeated experiment by boiling broth for different amounts of time
Loosely covered them
Microbes found in all flasks.Slide36
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Pasteur's Experiment - 19th century
Earlier work with microbes was inconclusive how they formed.
Pasteur believed air contained inactive microbes called spores.
First experiment
Boiled broth in sealed flasks
Opened/placed them in places where the air was likely to contain varying amounts of dust and spores
High/low altitudes
Dusty/clean areas
Greatest number of microbes found in flasks with greatest amount of dust
Opponents questioned amount of air Slide37
Abiogenesis
/Biogenesis
Second experiment
Pasteur prepared set of flasks with swan necks.
Air could get to broth
Boiled flasks of broth - allowed them to set
Observed that dust had collected in the s-trap of flask's neck
When flask tipped the so that the dust got into the broth, microbes appeared
Some flasks sat for more that a year with no growth
Showed boiling didn't destroy the broth's ability to grow microbes
Showed that air didn't contain any "active principle" or "vegetative force" that gave rise to life. Slide38