Geography of India India is part of a subcontinent landmass smaller than a continent amp shaped like an upside down triangle Arabian Sea Indian Ocean amp Bay of Bengal ID: 156538
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Ancient IndiaSlide2Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10
Geography of India
India is part of
a
subcontinent
(landmass smaller than a
continent) &
shaped like
an upside down triangle. Slide11
Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean & Bay of Bengal
on 3 sidesCut off from Asia by mountains (Hindu Kush,
Himalayans)
E & W Ghats along coast
in SouthSlide12Slide13Slide14
Geography of India Slide15
Deccan Plateau,
rocky, dry center btw Ghats (little moisture, blocked by
mts)Thar
Desert to East(80-100 degrees)
Rainforest along West
coast
Coastal plainsSlide16
Major rivers flow from HK & Him mtns:
Indus River flows thru Pakistan into
Arabian Sea(Indus Valley home to
early civ)Slide17
Indus ValleySlide18
Ganges River
-flows to Bay of Bengal, w/ many branches. (Holy river)
Brahmaputra goes E across India
to GangesPlains area
btw rivers
is fertile!Slide19
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK-RaXNH9V0Slide20Slide21
MONSOONS
Monsoon
: (seasonal winds from June-Sept. Temp rises, air heats, moist air blows in from ocean, brings heavy rain). Unpredictable!
*Cyclones too!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9peDRkO-TLc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bETUbu7pXgsSlide22Slide23Slide24Slide25
Indus Valley Civilizations
Little is known (writing not deciphered)
Dev 2500 BC
Over 100 settlements
(Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro biggest)Slide26
Harappa
1.
Highly organized, planned cities2.Built on mud brick platforms
(avoid floods)3.Oven
dried mud brick wallsSlide27
4.Citadel
(fortified area) has major buildings(temple, granary,royals?)
5. 30 ft wide, straight streets
(e-w & n-S), cross at right
anglesSlide28Slide29
6. Walls divide residential districts, homes vary in size (houses laid out in block units w/ lanes in btw)Slide30Slide31
Modern plumbing & sewage (had bathrooms)
Toilets of brick w/ wood seat, pipes connect to each house w/ waste flowing into underground sewage system & into pits outside of city wallsSlide32Slide33
Harappan Culture
Written language of 400 symbols (found on carved stone stamps & seals) Can not read it. Animals on everything
Religion-maybe theocracy?
Statues of mother goddess, fertility images, maybe shiva, worship bullSlide34
Examine the Seals. What can you infer about harappan
culture
Examine the Seals. What can you infer abt
Harappan culture? Describe 3 thingsSlide35
Had potters wheel, made beautiful jugs, statues etc
Made toys, jewelrySlide36Slide37Slide38
The Great Bath of Mohenjo DaroSlide39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCYx-_WqcKchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnsatmxY7Kc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhej8XShSvIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7ndRwqJYDM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI78xoEkm0chttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCYx-_WqcKcSlide40
MOVIE
What influence does the Indus Valley Civilization have on modern cities?
What technological advancement do YOU think is the most impressive? Why?How did geography influence the construction of their cities
?Slide41
What do the highly planed cities on the Indus tell us about their culture?
Explain how you can see at least 3 of the characteristics of civilization in Harappa & Mohenjo-DaroWhat does the attention to plumbing tell you about them?
What does the discovery of toys tell you about their culture?How did the Mesopotamians, Egyptians and Indus use their environment t? Who did better a better job? Why?Slide42
Don’t Write
Grew wheat barley, cotton, (could weave into cloth)
Trade all over region (Persia, Dec Pla, Afghan) using Indus & Arabian Sea to trade w/ Meso, Egypt & maybe Crete)Traded bright cloth, copper lumber for gold,
silver, semiprecious stonesSlide43
Don’t Write!
Disappear slowly
ca 2000 BC. Why?
Tectonic plates
shift, cause floods, earthquakes, change course of Indus, changes in climate, farming dries up?
May have moved
on into IndiaSlide44
1. What does the discovery of toys tell us about the Indus people?2. What does the attention to sewer & plumbing systems suggest
abt IV culture?
3. Fill in the chart below. List 4 elements IV people included in their city plans & what modern cities have. Then compare! 4
. Explain why the Indus people abandoned their cities due to environmental changes?5. Describe 4 ways IV is similar or different to other cultures we have talked about?
Indus Valley
Modern CitySlide45Slide46
Indo-Aryans
Btw 2000-1500 BC, Indo-Aryans,(from grasslands btw Caspian
& Black
Seas?) conquer
Harappa. Slide47
Had iron weapons & horses
Est
own govt
(individual tribes elect chief & tribal council) Combined to form small kingdoms led by Rajah)
Brought metalworking, horses, bronze weaponsNo writing system
Adopted other cultures Slide48
Vedic Age- 1500
Brought
Vedas, 4 collections of religious beliefs, prayers, spells & ritual instructions (Rig Veda most
important)Not written,
passed along Slide49Slide50
*
Polytheistic
-many godsEventually grows into Hinduism
(no founder)Brought along
3 CASTES
(expand over
time)Slide51
THE CASTE SYSTEM
Caste:
strict religious & social class/orderYou are BORN into caste & cannot move out of caste in THIS life.
caste is a result of karma
from previous life. Slide52
THE CASTES
UNTOUCHABLES
Outside of caste, street cleaners, butchers, grave diggers, unclean jobs Slide53
Caste System
Strict rules: Can’t marry or associate w/ people outside of caste, determines
job, clothes, manners & even food Slide54
Don’t
writeTHE BELIEFS
People suffer from pain & sorrow b/c they chase false goals (material goods)
Goal is MOKSHA
- free soul from body so soul can join the ATMAN (universal soul)
CANNOT reach
MOKSHA
in 1 life, need
reincarnation.Slide55
CYCLE OF REBIRTH
Reincarnation
is a cycle of REBIRTH
of soul (reborn over & over until overcome your weaknesses) KARMA- belief all good & bad actions, mental or physical, affect people’s fate in next life. Slide56
DHARMA
- duty:
every Hindu has obligations to their CASTE Can improve
your position in next life by
fulfilling duties in this life.
Present life is
result past behaviorSlide57
The Gods/
Godesses
Shiva- the destroyer of ego & universeSlide58
Brahma
- god of creationSlide59
Vishnu
- preserver of universeAll-Pervading essence of all beings, the master of past,
present & future, one who supports, sustains &
governs Universe & originates & develops
all elements within. Slide60
Krishna
-god/child prankster in Mahabharata
Ganesha is the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings (patron of arts and sciences,
intellect & wisdom)Slide61Slide62Slide63Slide64Slide65Slide66
BUDDHISM
563 BC:
Prince Siddhartha Gautama
born in Nepal.Raised to be king, wealthy, sheltered. Slide67
THE PRINCE
Prince leaves palace & realizes world is full of pain & misery.
Sees poor, sick & elderly & dead Wants to find answer why & how to stop it.
Travels world &
meditates under tree for
49 days.Slide68
THE BUDDHA
Prince found answers.
Became known as the Buddha
, the “Enlightened One” as he traveled the world to teach his beliefs. Slide69
THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
1. Everyone suffers
2
. Cause of suffering is desire
(riches objects
attachments)
3
. Only way to end
suffering
is
crush
desire4. Way to end desire is to follow the Noble 8 Fold PathSlide70Slide71Slide72Slide73
NIRVANA
Goal is to reach NIRVANA- a condition of wanting nothing, a calmness, great insight & happiness
.Slide74Slide75
Theravada Buddhism
Don’t write
The oldest school of Buddhism, found in s Asia.
The monastic life is the best way
to achieve
nirvana
.
Focus on wisdom and meditation.
Goal is to become a
“Buddha
,” or
“Enlightened One.”
Over 100,000,000 followers today.
Mahayana BuddhismThe “Great Vehicle.”Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).Buddhism “for the masses.”Seek guidance from Boddhisatvas, wise beings. Goal: Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice of those enlightened few.Slide76
Don’t Write!!!!Jainism
Founded by Mahavira 599-527 BC
All living things have a soul & should not be harmedTolerance of other religionsOccupations cannot harm others
encourages spiritual development thru cultivation of one's own personal wisdom & reliance on self control thru 5 vows (Mahavareta)Slide77Slide78
India 1500-1000
Small kingdoms, no unityDifferent religions & beliefs
Magadha:
Indo-Aryan kingdom runs N IndiaSlide79
326 BC: Alexander the Great extends empire over India (huge battle 12,000 Greeks die, but still wins)Slide80Slide81
Maurya Empire
323 BC: Chandragupta Maurya conquers Maghda kingdom & Macedonian satrapies.
Unites India & sets Pataliputra
as capital*Paranoid!Slide82Slide83
Fights Selecus (Alex’s, successor), wins. Sel Gives up Afghan & Pakistan. Marries his daughter to unite kingdoms, gets Egyptian, Greek ambassadors on court. Slide84
Chanakya
(advisor) wrote
Arthasastra, guide to running empire Built bureaucratic
govt w/ 4 provinces each headed by princes. Divided into local districts to assess & enforce taxes. Use Spies
Became Jainist
, dumped throne on son. Slide85
Asoka
Grandson of Chan MConqueror, but felt sorrow when 100,000 die attacking Kalinga
. Converts to BuddhismTeachings written on pillars, urged
rel toleration, preach non-violence, monks sent all over AsiaSlide86Slide87
Don't write!
Built roads, improved conditions
(every 9 miles houses, wells 4 rest)public health care for humans & animals, improvements in agriculture,
est wildlife reserves,
Wanted moral, spiritual, & social renewal. Reformed administrative & judicial systems of India
Slide88
Fell apart on his death as Greeks,Persians,Asians invadeends 184 BC, w/ 500 yrs of turmoil (s.India has 3 kingdoms)
“There is no better work than promoting the welfare of the world. Whatever be my great deeds, I have done them in order to discharge my debt to all beings." Slide89
Golden Age of India
320 AD
Chandra Gupta, local chief, marries princess & rule from Magadha (
Pataliputra) (Empire covers Ganges & Indus)Son
Samudra focused on arts & expands empire
Chandra Gupta II-
strengthened empire thru diplomacy &
marriage alliancesSlide90Slide91Slide92
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ISmwH6ShrESlide93
Hinduism growsArt, architecture, sculpture poetry, drama, fables flourish
Rule 320-500 AD. Ends when overrun by HunsSlide94Slide95Slide96
Late 400s, Huns (from c Asia) raid
By 600 AD Gupta fallDescendents of
Huns became wealthy warrior
princes called RajputsSlide97
Don’t Write!!!relied heavily on infantry archers, The Hindu version of the longbow was composed of metal, or more typically bamboo, & fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head
Iron shafts were used against armored elephants& fire arrows
used by archersArchers protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, & long swords.Had knowledge of siege craft, & catapultsSlide98
600 years of invasions
w/ civil wars as Indian
princes fight 1 anotherSlide99
Muslim invaders
Muslim leaders start to invade around 1000 AD.
Mahmud of Ghazni is SULTAN
(authority), 1st to have that title, invades
India, Slide100Slide101
*
Invasions directed at temple towns to steal wealth & jewels, destroy, take slaves & break will of Hindus
Some towns were conquered & left in control of Hidu, Buddhist or
Jains as vassal statesSlide102Slide103
Others invade
Sultan Aibak Kutbuddin
est sultanate or kingdom of Delhi. Next 400 years, 33 sultans rule from Delhi Sultanate
100s killed, cruel to HindusSlide104Slide105
Mongols/Moguls/
Mughals?
Tamerlane
,Mongol warrior from Asiatic Russia loots, kill 1000s of Hindus & Muslims,
destroys Delhi Sultanate in
1398Slide106
Babur
-born in Uzbekistan -leader at 12, loses power. Conquers north, is a Muslim descendent of Tam & Genghis Khan .
Brilliant general.
(led 12,000 troops against 100,000 sultan & an army of
rajputs
.
Est
Mogul empireSlide107Slide108
Don’t write!!!
Babur is said to have been extremely strong &physically fit. Would carry 2 men, 1 on each of his shoulders, & then climb slopes on the run, just for exercise.
Legend holds that Babur swam across every major river he encountered, including twice across the Ganges River Lovedto kill people, cut heads of people and create pillars out of cut headsSlide109
Akbar the Great
Grandson of Babur (1556-1605)
1. expanded military power
2.Used heavy artillery, cannons, appt rajputs
as officers (mix cultures, turn enemies into allies)Slide110
“
a monarch should ever be intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbor rise in arms against him”Slide111Slide112
3.Muslim, urged religious tolerance
4. Bureaucratic officials were both native & foreign
5.Officials trained for civil service6. Taxed on graduated system
to be fair 7.Acted as judge, heard casesSlide113
*
Persian main lang, but others develop. (Urdu grows out of soldier camps)
*Work carefully w/ Portuguese &
Ottoman empire*Patron of art,
architecture,
translated works Slide114
Shah
Jahan
Shah
Jahan- grandson of Akbar. Killed rivals
Loved architecture
& wife
Mumtaz
Mahal
died in 1631 during childbirth of 14
th
kidSlide115
Spent 22 years, w/ 20,000 laborers building
Taj Mahal as a monument to MumtazCountry suffers from neglect, hi taxes for Taj & luxuries instead of roads, irrigation
1657 4 sons fightSlide116Slide117
http://www.history.com/videos/seven-wonders-the-taj-mahal#seven-wonders-the-taj-mahal
http://www.history.com/topics/taj-mahal/videos/seven-wonders-the-taj-mahalSlide118Slide119Slide120Slide121Slide122Slide123Slide124
Shah Jahan’s throne was shaped like a bed, standing on tall table legs with 2 or 3 steps leading up to it. Western visitors
to Delhi in the
17th century measured the bed
part to being 1.8 by 1.2 meters
, From its bars rose
12 columns
supporting a canopy
. It was decorated
with 108 rubies,
116 emeralds and
numerous pearls
. Slide125
DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!!!!!!
The Shah’s army during this time?
440,000 infantry, musketeers & artillery
185,000 Sowars commanded by princes and nobles
Marwari horse, colorful,strong
Mughal
Cannons were mass produced
Empire became a huge military machineSlide126Slide127
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb
- during civil war, kills brother & arrests dad1658-1707 extends empire, but loses
power. Drained resources, money
*Didn’t keep alliancesSlide128
Intolerant of other religions
Enforce Muslim laws
Tax on non-muslims
No new Hindu temples.
Censors, heavy taxeskilled leader of
Sikhs (who rebel)
Rajputs
rebelSlide129
*Don’t’ Write!!!
His son tried to rebel, driven to PersiaStart to break apart into small kingdoms after his death.Port, Dutch, FR & BR start to come in during empire, eventually take over (moguls done by 1857-1858)Slide130Slide131
Read through each emperor.
In a chart, List the major accomplishments for each. Now rank them against one another.
Determine as a group who was the best & explain why!
Leader
AccomplishmentRanking
Akbar
Equal taxesSlide132Slide133Slide134
Read the
Arthasastra
Create a list of 10 tips your group would offer to Chandragupta or Asoka to help them run the Mauryan
Empire. Write them out on the paper!
Create an illustration for your political guide that fits the advice
Last, look at your tips. Can any of them be applied to modern leaders?Slide135
1. Get a CASTE
slip2. Pull 5 Task Cards
from the bucket3. Read your Task Cards & decide what ones to give away
Brahmins may give away 4 cards Ksjhatriyas may give away 3 cards
Vaishyas may give away 2 cards
Sudras
may give away 1 card
Chandalas
may
NOT
give away any cards
4. Give the cards you’re getting rid of to anyone in a lower caste. No person may end up with more than 10 task cards (but you may have to do some tasks more than once)5. Once you have traded cards, have a seatSlide136
1. Look at your
Task Cards2. Begin your tasks when Fischer says to.
Station Directions are posted at each task
3. If you finish all the tasks on your Task Cards, you can learn Sanskrit by completing the
Learning Sanskrit activity
4. Once you finish learning Sanskrit, show Fischer the decoded message to get a
Voting Ballot
5. Once you have voted, you can collect a certificate and create Slide137
Do you think there are castes or social levels in todays
scoiety? If so, what do you think spereated these levels?What made it hard to
hcange the caseet in Ancient India? What makes it hard to changes cases or social levels today