Chapter 5 System Software - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 5 System Software - PPT Presentation

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Slide1

Chapter 5

System Software

Visualizing Technology

Objectives

Explain what an operating system does.Compare the most common stand-alone operating systems.

Compare specialized operating systems.Compare the most common network operating systems.List and explain important disk utility software.

Identify the certifications and careers related to system software.

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Discuss the job of the operating system

Discuss how the OS manages and controls hardware

Discuss how the OS interacts with software

API (application programming interface)

Device driver

GUI (graphical user interface)

Multitasking

Who’s Being Bossy Now?

OS (operating system)

PnP (Plug and Play)

System software

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Operating System (OS)

Software that makes the computer run is

system software. The operating system (OS)

is the most important type of system software because it provides the user with the Interface to communicate with the hardware and other software on the computer and manages system

resources

A computer cannot

run without an

operating system.

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Windows 8 interfaceSlide5

Operating System

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Operating System (OS)

Provides User Interface

The user interface is the part of the operating system that you see and interact with.Modern operating systems (Windows, Linux, MAC OS X) have a

graphical user interface (GUI)

Graphical because we interact with graphic objects such as icons and buttons to control the computer, a GUI allows a user to point and to click on objects to initiate commands.

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Operating System (OS)

Provides User Interface

Older operating systems used a command-line interface, which required the user to type out all commands.

The Microsoft user interface changed from command-line to GUI in the 1980s.

This change made PCs more user-friendly, which helped them increase in popularity.

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Operating System

Manages Resources

The resources on your system include the processor and the memory.

The operating system has the important job of managing how these resources are allocated to both hardware and software.

The operating system makes sure that each process is allocated its own memory and manages the instructions that are sent to the processor.

Slide9

Operating System

Manages Resources

Modern operating systems support

multitasking

– the ability to do more than one task at a time.

A single processor can’t actually do more than one think at a time but switches between the tasks so quickly that it’s transparent to the user.

Each running application is assigned its own area of memory and is prevented from accessing the memory area of other programs.

This prevents a program crash from affecting other processes running in other areas of memory.Slide10

Operating System

Manages and Controls Hardware

The operating system manages and controls the hardware.

Early PCs were simple devices that had limited hardware:

A keyboard, a monochrome monitor, a disk drive, and not much else.

Today, we have a wide variety of peripheral devices, including printers, scanners, cameras, media players, video and sound cards, and storage devices.Slide11

Operating System

Manages and Controls Hardware

Windows 95 introduced a feature known as

Plug and Play (PnP)

Allows you to easily add new hardware to a computer system.

When you plug in a new piece of hardware, the OS detects it and helps you set it up.

An OS communicates with hardware by means of a

device driver

which acts like a translator between the two.Slide12

Operating System

Manages and Controls Hardware

A device driver is software that enhances the capabilities of the operating system.

It’s what allows you to expand your computer with new hardware.

If it were not for device drivers, there would be no way for you to install new hardware on your system.Slide13

Operating System

Manages and Controls Hardware

When you first connect the hardware, Windows detects it and informs you that it’s installing the device driver software.

If Windows cannot locate the device driver, it asks you for permission to search the Web or instructs you to insert the manufacturer’s disc.

The message

Device Driver Software Installed Successfully

indicates your new hardware is now ready to use.Slide14

Operating System

Interacts With Software

The OS on a computer interacts directly with the software you install, giving it access to resources it needs to run.

This happens through the use of an

application

programming interface (API

)

which allows the application to request services from the operating system.

A request to print or save a file. Slide15

Operating System

Interacts With Software

An API lets a programmer write a program that will run on computers with different hardware configurations by sending such service requests to the OS to handle.

An operating system manages interactions between the user, the software, and the hardware of a computer.

These critical functions make the computer more user-friendly, flexible, and expandable.

The OS is the most important piece of software on the computer because, without it, the computer won’t run at all.Slide16

Which operating system is on your computer? Is it the latest version? If you have not upgraded, why not? If you could change the OS, would you? Which OS would you use instead?

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Running the Show on Personal Computers

List the three major operating systems found on PCs today: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux

Discuss the characteristics of the Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux operating systems

Beta version

Linux

Mac OS X

Microsoft Windows

Open source

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

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Windows

Mac OS X

LinuxSlide19

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

The most common OS is Microsoft Windows.

The current version is Windows 8, although you’ll still find many computers running previous versions of Windows – Windows 7 or XP.

It’s estimated that over 90% of PCs are running one of these versions of Windows.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

Windows XP was released in 2001 and was still the most widely used OS in the world in 2010.Sales of Windows XP ended in 2008.

All Microsoft support for Windows XP will end in 2014.

Windows Vista was released in 2006 (2007 to consumers) but was met with much resistance from both the public and business customers.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

The hardware requirements to install Vista are much more stringent than those for XP.

In addition software and device driver compatibility were problematic when Vista was first released, adding to the cost of upgrading.

Windows 7 was greeted much more favorably, and both home and business users that were still using XP began to upgrade to it.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

Since its release in 2008 (2009 to consumers), Windows 7 has been steadily gaining, and the number of PCs running XP and Vista has been declining.

In 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8.

The most obvious change is the introduction of the Metro interface.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

Each release of Windows added new features and security measures and was designed to be easier to use, more secure, and able to incorporate the new technologies.

Windows

95:

Introduced

Plug and Play (PnP);Enhanced support for CD-ROMS:

The right mouse click.

Windows 98:

Included

Internet

Explorer;Better PnP support;More multimedia features.Windows XP:

Introduced a new interface;Automatic updates;Easier networking and Internet connectivity;Increased reliability.

Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

Windows Vista:Once again introduced a new interface, gadgets, enhanced networking, entertainment, and accessibility features.

Windows 7 included:

A redesigned taskbar;

New ways to manipulate windows;

Remote Media Streaming;

Windows Touch multi-touch technology.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Windows

Windows 8 has a totally new interface that uses a Start Screen with Live Tiles instead of a Start menu to access applications.Windows 8 also integrates your computer with the cloud through

Skydrive

and third

party apps.

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Windows 8Interface Tiles

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

System 1

Macintosh introduced in 1984

System 7

Updated GUI

Mac OS 8

ew interface and Internet browsing

Mac OS 9

Wireless support, today known as Mac Classic

Mac OS X 10.6

Also known as

Snow Leopard

Mac OS X 10.8

Mountain Lion faster, more reliable, easy to use

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

In 1984, Apple introduced its first Macintosh computer, which had a GUI interface.The OS at the time was called Mac System Software.

New versions and updates that improved stability and hardware support were released between 1984 and 1991.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

System 7 was released in 1991 with:An updated GUI;

Multitasking support;

Built-in networking;

Better hardware and memory management;

New applications.Beginning with Version 7.6, the name was changed to Mac OS.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

Mac OS 8 was released in 1997 and included:A new interface;

A better file system, searching, and Internet browsing.

Mac OS 9 had:

Improved wireless networking support;

A better search tool;The ability to be updated over the Internet

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

Mac OS 9 is referred to today as Mac Classic.The OS X operating system was first released in 2001 as Mac OS X 10.0, also called Cheetah.

This OS wasn’t an updated version of the classic Mac OS but was an entirely new operating

ystem

based on UNIX.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

Early versions of OS X included a Mac OS 9 emulation to run older applications.Cheetah introduced iMovie and iTunes.

Puma added

iDVD

Each new version included more integrated applications for email, chat, Internet, and multimedia.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac/Apple

The current version – OS X Mountain Lion – is faster, more reliable, and easier to use.The interface has been updated and includes:

The Time Machine backup utility;

Better file sharing and networking capabilities;

Exceptional multimedia applications.

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OS X 10.8 Mountain LionIncludes

iCloud Features

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Linux

Unlike Windows and Mac, Linux doesn’t refer to a single operating system but rather many different versions (distributions) that use the same kernel OS – Linux.

Linux was first developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, then a graduate student at the University of Helsinki.

It was designed to be similar to Unix and is sometimes called UNIX-like.

Linux is

open source

The code is publicly available, and developers all over the world have created hundreds of Linux distributions (

distros

) with all kinds of features.

Distros include the OS, various utilities, and software applications, such Internet browsers, games, entertainment software, and an office suite.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Linux

The most popular personal version of Linux is currently Ubuntu.Most Linux distros

come with a GUI THAT’S SIMILAR TO A Windows or OS X, and users can easily navigate through the system.

Linux desktops make up a very small percentage of personal computers, but the number is growing all the time.

On machines with limited memory and processing power, Linux shines.

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The Ubuntu desktop

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Linux

In businesses, Linux has a very small market share of desktop computers (less than 2%), but it has a larger share of the server market.Red Hat enterprise Linux is the world’s leading open source application platform.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Linux

In 2009, Google released a prerelease (beta version) of its Chrome OS:

“Chromium OS is an open source project that aims to provide a fast, simple, and more secure computing experience for people who spend most of their time on the web.”

In 2011, several manufacturers began shipping

Chromebooks

– notebooks that run the Chrome OS.

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Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Linux

These notebooks are designed to work best when connected to the Internet, and they rely on Web apps and cloud storage rather than traditional software.

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MS Windows is the primary OS installed on new PCs. Some manufacturers sell Linux computers. Use the Internet to research the versions of Linux currently available preinstalled on new PCs. List your findings charting five sites. Include the manufacturer and/or website and the Linux distro preinstalled.

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Something Special for You

List and discuss embedded operating systems and how they work

Discuss Web operating systems and how they work

Embedded operating system

Web OS

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Specialized Operating Systems

Embedded operating systems

have specialized and limited functions.These OSs can be very small and are able to run on simpler hardware.

GPS devices

ATMs

Smartphones

Other devices

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Specialized Operating Systems

The Windows Embedded OS has been around since 1996.

It can be found on many devices from set-top cable boxes and GPS devices to complex industrial automation controllers and medical devices.The advantage to using an embedded version of Windows is that users recognize the familiar interface.

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Specialized Operating Systems

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets run embedded

mobile operating systems. These are more full-featured than the versions on devices such as GPS and cable boxes.Windows Phone is based on Windows Embedded CE version and can be found on many smartphones.

It first introduced us to the Metro interface.

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Specialized Operating Systems

The iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch run

iOS, a scaled-down version of Mac OS X that uses direct manipulation and multi-gesture touch such as swipe, tap, and pinch to control it.

Android

is an embedded version of Linux that runs on many phones and tablets.

Blackberry OS run s on smartphones from Research in Motion.

These small operating systems have similar interfaces and features, including touch-screen support, email, and Web browsers.

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Specialized Operating Systems

As we have become more dependent on our mobile devices, these mobile OSs have become more full-featured and easier to use.

The newer versions of our desktop operating systems have even begun to look more like their mobile cousins.As technology becomes more mobile, smaller, faster, and less tethered to the desk, alternative operating systems become an important way for us to interface with our files and applications.

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Specialized Operating Systems

Symbian

BlackBerry OS

Apple

iOS

/ Mac OS X

MS Windows Phone

Google Android Phone

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Specialized Operating Systems

Web Operating System

A virtual desktopDoes not handle the hardware functionsDoes not require installing software on your PC

Also known as the cloud

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What’s the embedded OS on your favorite mobile device? What are some of the features that you like about it? Are there any features that are missing? What features do you (or would you) use the most often?

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NOS (network operating system)

The NOS Knows

Discuss the four major network operating systems: Windows Server, Linux, UNIX, and Novell

Discuss the characteristics of the Windows Server OS

Discuss the characteristics of the UNIX OS

Discuss the characteristics of the Novell OS

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Network Operating Systems

Network Servers

Centralizes:Resources

Storage

Security

Run a specialized operating system:

Network operating system

Windows Server

Linux

Unix

Novell

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Network Operating Systems

In a business or school environment, a network server centralizes resources, storage, and, most importantly, security in what is known as a client-server network.

These servers run a specialized operating system called a network operating system.

network operating system (NOS)

is a multiuser operating system that controls the software and hardware that runs on a network.

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Network Operating Systems

It allows multiple computers (clients) to communicate with the server and each other to share resources, run applications, and send messages.

A NOS centralizes resources and security and provides services such as:

File and print services;

Communication services;

Internet and email servicers;

Backup and database services.

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Network Operating Systems

Your school network is most likely a client-server network.

When you log into the network, you’re given access to certain resources, such as printers and file storage.Centralized resources and security make a network operating system indispensable.

When a client logs in to a network, the resources appear in the client’s environment.

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Network Operating Systems

At home, the network you set up is a peer-to-peer network that doesn’t require a NOS.

While your personal operating system has networking features, the files and services that are shared between your home computers aren’t centralized.

A NOS provides important security and resource management in a business environment.

Without a NOS, businesses would have to rely on peer-to-peer networks, which are just not practical for more than a few computers.

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The one area of NOS usage that can be easily monitored is activity on Web servers. Netcraft.com does a monthly survey of Web servers. Go to netcraft.com and look at the current report. What are the three most popular Web servers for this month? How much has changed in the past month? Are there any servers not mentioned in this chapter?

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Utilities You Should Use

Discuss the importance of using utilities

List and discuss the Windows OS utilities

Defragmenter

File fragmentation

File system

Format

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Utility Software

System software isn’t just the operating system.

Utility software helps you maintain your computer and is also considered system software.

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Utility Software

Why Use Utilities?

Hard disk drives are very large and hold a lot of informationIt is important to keep your disks healthy Keep your system running efficiently

Protects your files

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Utility Software

How Data Is Stored

When a disk is first formatted to hold files, a set of concentric circles (tracks) are created.

The disk is then divided up

into sectors.

The files you save to your

disk are stored in these

sectors (clusters).

This physical low-level

formatting occurs when the

disk is manufactured.

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Utility Software

How Data Is Stored

The second part of formatting a disk is called high-level formatting.High-level formatting sets up the

file system

of the disk.

When you save files to the disk, the file system keeps track of what you saved and where you saved it.

The file system used on hard disks in Windows is the NTFS file system.

External disks or those from older versions of Windows may be formatted with the FAT file system.

The OS X file system is HFS+.

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Utility Software

Windows Disk Utilities:

Check DiskOptimize DisksDisk Cleanup

Backup

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OS X

Disk UtilitySlide65

Utility Software

Windows includes several disk utilities to help you maintain your disks.

Check Disk;

Optimize Drives;

Disk Cleanup.

To open these tools:Open the Computer window;

Right-click on the disk you want to work with;

Click

Properties

to open the Properties dialog box for the disk.

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Utility Software

Disk Checking

utilities monitor the health of the file system on a disk.

To check a disk for errors in Windows:

Click the

Tools

tab in the Properties dialog box and then click Check

OS X comes with Disk Utility.

You access it from the Utilities folder in the Launcher.

You can use this utility to get information about the disks on your computer and to verify and repair a disk you’re having trouble with.

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Utility Software

Optimize Drives

– Over time, the disk can become messy as files are created, edited, saved, and deleted.In addition to being unorganized, files that are fragmented are broken into small pieces that are stored in nonadjacent or noncontiguous clusters on the disk. This is referred to as

file fragmentation

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Utility Software

A disk

defragmenter is a utility that rearranges the fragmented files on your disk to improve efficiency.

You should not run a defragmenter on a solid-state drive (SSD).

Windows 8 comes with a built-in utility to optimize and defragment drives that runs automatically on a weekly basis.

You can also run it manually if you need to.

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Utility Software

Microsoft recommends that you defragment a drive that’s more than 10% fragmented.

Like the Disk Check utility, the Optimize Drives utility can be accessed from the Tools tab of the Disk’s Properties dialog box.

Mac OS X’s HFS+ file system has some safeguards against fragmentation.

OS X does not include a defragmenter utility, although there are third-party tools you can use.

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Utility Software

Disk Cleanup

–A disk cleanup utility looks for files that can be safely deleted to free up disk space so you have more space to store your files and to help keep your system running efficiently.

The Windows Disk Cleanup utility is on the General tab of the disk’s Properties dialog box.

Click the

Disk Cleanup

to begin.

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Utility Software

During the first part of the process, the disk is analyzed and the results can be reviewed by the user.

When you click on each file type listed, a description of these files displays.

You should read each description carefully to help you decide which files you can delete safely.

To proceed with the cleanup, click

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Utility Software

Macs have daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance scripts that run automatically overnight.

The utilities discussed here are included with Windows and Mac; however, there are also third-party versions available.

The important thing is to remember to

use them.

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Open the disk properties for your primary hard drive (C). What is the disk file system? What is its capacity? How much disk space is used? Run a Disk Defragmenter analysis. When was the disk last defragmented? What percentage of the disk is currently fragmented?

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

2014

Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Prentice Hall

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