Karen Zuniga - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Karen Zuniga

10 DAY STAAR REVIEWSlide2

Plot, Point of View, Character and Setting, Theme, Sensory Language and Poetry

Literary ElementsSlide3

Point of View and PerspectiveSlide4

Videos for POV

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOVMM60Sm2cSlide5

Point of View

Nervously, I eyed Gwen, my competition in the election, and flashed her a gracious smile. Believe me- I wasn’t feeling very gracious. After Gwen finished her speech, I relaxed. What kind of campaign speech was that? I thought. There is no way I’ll lose now!Slide6

First Person

The narrator…

Is a main or minor character in the story

Use the pronouns I and me

Shares his or her subjective, or personal, view of other characters and events

Doesn’t know the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of the other charactersSlide7

Point of View

Devin had trouble wiping the smile off his face as he listened to Gwen fumble through her speech. For a brief moment, he felt a wave of sympathy for her. Then Devin forgot about his opponent and started planning his acceptance speech in his head.Slide8

Third Person Limited

The narrator…

Is not a character in the story but an outside observer

Zooms in on the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of

ONE

character.Slide9

Point of View

Feeling confident and superior, Devin gave his opponent, Gwen, a genuine smile as she walked past him.

Though Gwen returned Devin’s smile, she was suspicious of his kindness. He’s probably gloating over my mistakes, Gwen thought angrily.Slide10

Third-Person Omniscient

The narrator…

Is not a character in the story but an outside observer whose observations can be

objective

, or unbiased.

Is “all knowing”- that is, he or she has access to the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of

all

the characters.Slide11

Point of View

Devin gave his opponent, Gwen, a smile as she walked past him.

Gwen returned Devin’s smileSlide12

Third Person Objective

The narrator…

Cannot see into the minds of any of the characters and tells only what can be directly observed.

Watches and reports, without passing judgment on what is happening.Slide13

POV – It’s Your Turn…Slide14

POV Example:

As

the girl walked up the hill, she realized that the atmosphere was just too quiet

.

The

cardinal tipped his head back and drew breath to sing, but just as the first note passed his beak he heard the crack of a dead branch far below his perch high in the maple tree. Startled, he looked down, cocking his head to one side and watching with great interest while the man rattled the blades of grass as he tried to hide himself behind the tree.

As

the man saw her start up the hill, he moved quickly into the shelter of the huge old maple tree. If she saw him now, everything would be ruined

. She

thought she saw a shadow move high up on the slope, but when she looked again it was gone

. The

man thought if he could stay hidden until she came within range, she'd have to talk to him. Wouldn't she?

            The girl shuddered as she felt a silent threat pass over her. It felt like a cloud creeping over the sun.Slide15

Third person OMNISCENTWhy?Slide16

POV Example:

As I walked up the hill, I realized that the atmosphere was just too quiet. There was no sound from the cardinal who was nearly always singing from the top of the maple tree. I thought I saw a shadow move high up on the slope, but when I looked again it was gone. Still, I shuddered as I felt a silent threat pass over me like a cloud over the sun.Slide17

First personWhy?Slide18

POV Example:

As she walked up the hill, she realized that the atmosphere was just too quiet. There was no sound from the cardinal who she so often heard singing from the top of the maple tree. She thought she saw a shadow move high up on the slope, but when she looked again it was gone. Nevertheless, she shuddered as she felt a silent threat pass over her. It felt like a cloud creeping over the sun.

*****

He

saw her start up the hill, and he moved quickly behind the shelter of the huge old maple tree. If she saw him now, everything would be ruined, but if he could stay hidden until she came within range--well, then she'd have to talk to him. Wouldn't she?Slide19

Third person OMNISCENTWhy?Slide20

POV Example:

As she walked up the hill, she realized that the atmosphere was just too quiet. There was no sound from the cardinal who she so often heard singing from the top of the maple tree. She thought she saw a shadow move high up on the slope, but when she looked again it was gone. Nevertheless, she shuddered as she felt a silent threat pass over her. It felt like a cloud creeping over the sun.Slide21

Third person LIMITEDWhy?Slide22

POV Example:

The girl walked up the quiet hillside.

            In the top of the maple tree, the cardinal tipped his head back and drew breath to sing. A dead branch cracked on the ground below the bird's perch.

            The man stepped on the branch and rattled the blades of grass as he moved behind the tree. He watched the girl come up the hillside toward him.

            Her gaze shifted quickly and warily from one shadowy area high on the slope to another, and she shuddered.Slide23

Third person OBJECTIVEWhy?Slide24

Videos for Perspective

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weVQhaKAk4Q

http

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTNcnJS-a2MSlide25

PLOTSlide26

Plot

Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story.

It shows arrangement of events and actions within a story. Slide27

Exposition:

the start of the story, the situation before the action starts

Rising Action:

the series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax

Climax:

the turning point, the most intense moment—either mentally or in action

Falling Action:

all of the action which follows the climax

Resolution:

the conclusion, the tying together of all of the threads

Plot ComponentsSlide28

Identifying the Elements of A Plot DiagramSlide29

Plot Diagram

2

1

3

4

5Slide30

Plot

(definition)

Plot is the organized pattern or sequence of events that make up a story. Every plot is made up of a series of incidents that are related to one another.Slide31

1. Exposition

This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story. Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story. Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (main problem).Slide32

2. Rising Action

This part of the story begins to develop the conflict(s). A building of interest or suspense occurs.Slide33

3. Climax

This is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face to face with a conflict. The main character will change in some way.Slide34

4. Falling Action

All loose ends of the plot are tied up. The conflict(s) and climax are taken care of.Slide35

5. Resolution

The story comes to a reasonable ending.Slide36

Putting It All Together

1. Exposition

2. Rising Action

3. Climax

4. Falling Action

5. Resolution

Beginning of Story

Middle – (almost) End

of Story

End of StorySlide37

Character and SettingSlide38

Character

Characters have motivations or reasons why they act the way they do.

For example: In the famous novel “The Count of Monte Cristo” , the main character, Edmond

Dantes

, is betrayed by his friend and unjustly imprisoned for fourteen years. His suffering is so immense that when he escapes from prison, he sets an elaborate plan into action to destroy his enemies. His motivation is revenge, and it guides the plot throughout the novel. Slide39

Setting

Is the time and location in which a story takes place. The time and location may be directly stated, or the reader may be able to infer the setting from clues from the story.

More clues: Time and location

Time

: can play a key role in developing the story. In Mark Twain’s book “ King Arthur’s Court” the central character is transported back in time and transported to the future and gains power.

Location

: Can also be a central element of a story’s development. Example: In the “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” Dorothy’s misery is a direct result of a different view of her family’s farm.Slide40

ThemeSlide41

Theme

Theme is

the message of the story--the lesson to be learned, the question that is asked, or what it is the author is trying to tell us

about

life and the human condition

.

Example:

An

example of theme is someone using the same color to decorate throughout their home

. (Western style, Beach style etc.)

An example of theme is a song that's played at the beginning of each episode of a television series

. (Walking Dead, Sponge Bob)Slide42

Sensory LanguageSlide43

Figurative Language

Simile

: Is a comparison between two unlike things or ideas. Authors use words

like

and

as

.

Metaphors

:

The

metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are

something.

Personifications

:

A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object.

Onomatopoeia:

The

use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action.

Alliteration

:

The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters.

Hyperbole:

An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles.

Idioms:

According to Webster's Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatically (as no, it wasn't me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements. Slide44

Examples

Simile

:

busy as a bee

Metaphor

:

You

are what you eat.

Personification

:

My

teddy bear gave me a hug

.

Alliteration:

She sells seashells by the

seashore

.

Onomatopoeia

:

snap crackle pop

Hyperbole:

He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all.

Idioms:

Monday week for "the Monday a week after next Monday" Slide45

PoetrySlide46

Questions

To Answer while

reading a poem

Who

is speaking

?

Tone

?

Rhyme

scheme

?

Alliteration

?

Theme

?

I

magery?Slide47

Figurative Language

Metaphor

: Comparison of two unlike things by saying one is the other.

Simile

: comparison of unlike things by saying ones is like or as the other.

Personification

: The giving of human traits to non-human things incapable of having those traits.

Hyperbole

: Extreme exaggeration for effect.

Alliteration

: The repetition of a beginning sound.

Onomatopoeia:

The sound a thing makes.Slide48

Examples

Metaphor

:

I'm so hungry

I

could eat a horse

Simile

:

He was as blind as a bat

Personification

:

The

words smiled at me from the

book.

Hyperbole

:

Your father is so low he has to look up to tie his shoes.

Alliteration

:

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Onomatopoeia:

crack, whisper, boom….Slide49

Main Idea, Details, Summarize and Paraphrase, Conclusion and Inference, Organizational Patterns, Graphics

Reading ComprehensionSlide50

Main idea in a story

The main idea of a passage or reading is the central thought or

message.

Reading Tips

1.

Ask

yourself “What general point does the author want to make about this topic?”

2.

Pay attention to any idea that is repeated in different ways. If an author returns to the same thought in several different sentences or paragraphs, that idea is the main or central thought under discussion.Slide51

Example

A number of recent books with titles like

Raising Cain

,

Real Boys

, and

Lost Boys

all focus on the same issue: Today’s teenaged boys are feeling more anxiety than ever before about their physical appearance. Bombarded by advertising featuring well-muscled, semi-clad young men, teenage boys are experiencing what teenage girls have been coping with for years. They are afraid that they cannot possibly live up to the media’s idealized image of their gender. Young boys below the average in height, weight, or both suffer the most. Often, they are brutally teased by their brawnier peers. Some react to the ridicule by heading for the gym and lifting weights. Yet even those who successfully “bulk up” don’t like feeling that they are considered worthless if they lose their hard-won muscle tone. Others, convinced that no amount of body building can help, often withdraw from social contact with their peers. This is their way of avoiding taunts about their size or shape. Still, they are understandably angry at being badly treated because of their body type. Although school psychologists generally recognize that boys today are having severe body image problems, they are at a loss about what to do to solve those problems.Slide52

What’s the main idea?

In 1997, the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission reported that skateboarding injuries were up by 33 percent. Mountain climbing injuries were also up by 20 percent. Similarly, snowboarding injuries showed an increase of thirty-one percent. By all accounts, many Americans are having a love affair with risky sports; as a result, they are injuring themselves in ever greater numbers. One reason for the growing participation in risky, or extreme, sports has been put forth by Dan Cady, a professor of popular culture at California State University. According to Cady, previous generations didn’t need to seek out risk. It was all around them in the form of disease epidemics, economic instability, and global wars. At one time, just managing to stay alive was risky, but that feeling has all but disappeared, at least for members of the privileged classes. To a degree Cady’s theory is confirmed in the words of adventure racer Joy Marr. Marr says that risk has been “minimized” in everyday life, forcing people to seek out challenges in order to prove themselves. (Source: Karl Taro Greenfield. “Life on the Edge.”

Time

. September 6, 1999, p.29).Slide53

Main idea is…..

A. More

than in previous generations, teenaged boys are getting into body building.

B.

Teenaged boys today are showing more anxiety about their physical appearance than did boys of previous generationsSlide54

Main idea is….

a. According to Professor Dan Cady if California State, many Americans yearn for the days when just staying alive was a difficult task.

b. More and more Americans are taking up high-risk sports; as a result, injuries from these sports are increasing.Slide55

Summary

A

story summary

tells the

most

important ideas that are

in something that you read.

Usually a

story summary

includes:

The

main idea

of the story

and 2

or 3 important

supporting

details.Slide56

Example

Sometimes called the “stinking rose,” garlic is a bulbous plant of the genus Allium. Garlic has been used for centuries to flavor food. However, it is also valuable for its medicinal properties. There is evidence that it may cure colds and reduce blood cholesterol levels. It may even lower the risk of certain cancers.

Summary

: Garlic is a bulbous plant prized for both and its possible medical benefits.Slide57

www.quia.com/rr/86000.htmlSlide58

Paraphrase

"

Paraphrase

passages that present important points, explanations, or arguments but that don't contain memorable or straightforward wording.

Follow

these

steps:

Quickly review the passage to get a sense of the whole, and then go through the passage carefully, sentence by sentence.

State the ideas in your own words, defining words as needed.

If necessary, edit for clarity, but don't change the meaning.

If you borrow phrases directly, put them in

quotation marks

.

Check your paraphrase against the original for accurate tone and meaning."Slide59

Example

The technological revolution

in farming benefitted most dramatically a small minority of big operators. A few large farms and corporate farms profited most from technological

advances.

( summary)

Advances in farm technology have enabled corporate farms

and large farm owners, the agricultural elite, to

increase both profits

and

production disproportionately.

Though they constituted only 12

percent

of farm owners, they

held 40% of farm land and took 60%

of

the market share

in 1954. The profits of agricultural technology

are

theirs

. (paraphrase)Slide60

Inference

An inference is an implied, indirect meaning or logic attached to a statement or expression. To infer something in common usage is to suggest.

An inference is like guessing a possible phenomena. You just like observing without corresponding action. Slide61

Example #1

Although Gwen’s parents often were not happy with her use of

foul

language, they were powerless to stop her from using it in front of them and their friends.

Foul

is a multi-meaning word. In this statement Gwen is a referee at basketball games and she is calling fouls on the players.

Slide62

Example #2

Scenario:

The little boy was walking in the woods. The flowers were budding and he could hear birds chirping.

Infer -

--- I know that flowers bloom during the springtime.

Birds usually chirp in the spring and summer.

Answer:

This part of the story must take place in the

springtime.

Slide63

Organizational Patterns or

Structures

Authors arrange their texts using various patterns which they choose according to the content of the texts.

Different patterns

:

a

.

Sequence

:

O

rder of events in which they happen.

b.

Compare and Contrast

– Two or more things (tell how they are similar). Contrast (

two or more things

), or both.

c.

Problem – and- Solution

: Begins with description of the problem or conflict of some kind, and then a solution.

d.

Cause and effect

: A cause (is the reason something happens like an event or action) effect (is what happens as a result of the event or action.

e.

Description

- A topic, idea, person, place, or thing is described by listing its features, characteristics, or examples.Slide64

Example #

1

All crocodilians are reptiles with long snouts, long tails, four short legs, tough skin, and sharp teeth. Members of the crocodilian family include alligators, crocodiles, and gavials. Crocodilians live in warm weather throughout the year and they spend part of their time in the water and part of their time on land. Almost all crocodilians grow to be very large, with largest more than twenty feet long. There are two kinds of alligators, 14 kinds of crocodiles, eight kinds of caimans, and one kind of gavial

.

sequenceSlide65

Example #2

Recently, scientists have gained an understanding of a crocodile’s reproductive activity. Crocodiles mate in the water, where the buoyancy keeps them from crushing each other. Prior to mating, there are stylized postures, submerged bubble blowing, and snout contact. After mating, hard-shelled eggs are laid in a nest, in a hole scooped in the sand. When it is time to hatch, the infant crocodiles begin a loud chirping sound that leads the female to the nest, which she excavates. Finally, when all the babies are accounted for, the mother crocodile transports them to the shallow water where they will remain under adult protection for weeks or months

.

descriptiveSlide66

Example # 3

On the river banks of the Nile River, home to some crocodiles, there are many kinds of birds, sometimes called crocodile birds because they are always hopping around crocodiles. The big crocodiles and the birds are useful to each other for several reasons. The birds eat flies and leeches that they find on the crocodiles’ skin and mouths. In this way, the birds get a good meal and the crocodiles get rid of the leeches and flies. Sometimes an enemy frightens the birds who scream and fly away. As a result of the noise, the birds give the crocodiles a warning of danger

.

Cause and EffectSlide67

Example #4

In most parts of the world there are not as many crocodiles as there used to be. This is a problem because crocodiles are becoming endangered and also crocodiles are necessary to the balance of nature. Many crocodiles have died because people dried up the swamps and marshes where the crocodiles live. Poachers have also contributed to the dilemma as crocodiles have been desired for their strong, smooth, leathery skins. In order to preserve these mighty creatures, people must take care of the crocodiles’ environment and help put a stop to the needless shooting of these animals

.

problem-and – solutionSlide68

Example # 5

Alligators and crocodiles, along with their relatives the caimans and the gavials, are very much alike. These crocodilians are reptiles with long snouts, long tails, four short legs, tough skin, and sharp teeth. There are some differences, however. Gavials have the longest snout and the most teeth. Some people say that alligators and crocodiles differ in the shape of their snouts and the positioning of their teeth. Zookeepers say that crocodiles move faster then alligators and have nastier dispositions

.

Compare and ContrastSlide69

Graphics

Are visual representations of information and ideas. They are used to illustrate complex ideas and make information easier to understand.

Different types:

1

.

Illustration

: a drawing or other image that provides visual reinforcement for the words in a text.

2.

Table

: Is an arrangement of information in columns and rows.

3.

Timeline

: Is a representation of events in chronological order.

4.

Diagram

: An illustration with labels that describes something or shows how it works.

5.

Flowchart

: A graphic that shows the sequence of steps in a process, typically with boxes and arrows.

6.

G

raph

: A diagram that shows relationships between sets of data such as a bar graph or line graph.

7.

Map

: A graphic representation of regions on Earth and their geographical or political features.

8.

Legend:

A key ,explanatory list of symbols, or colors on a graphic. Slide70

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

Parts of a word

http://www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/Slide71

Dictionary & Thesaurus

English – reading skills – dictionary and thesaurus

http

://www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/Slide72

Fact and opinion, Author’s Argument, Persuasive Techniques, Speeches, Connect, Compare and Contrast Ideas, Procedural Text

Informational TextsSlide73

List of persuasive techniques

Bandwagon:

To

join or give support to a party or movement that seems to be assured of success

Testimonials:

R

elies

on the backing of a celebrity, an expert, or a satisfied customer

Caricature:

A

picture, description, etc., ludicrously

exaggerating

or defects of persons or things

:

Faulty

Assumptions

:

Describes

a class of formal and informal logical fallacies that are to do with a

flaw

in an argument's assumptions

.

Factual

claim:

Something

that is factual is concerned with facts or contains facts, rather than giving theories or personal

interpretations.

Leading questions:

a question so worded as to suggest the proper or desired

answer.

Incorrect premise

:

A premise is the basis for logical statement. If an

agument

is based on false assumptions.

Loaded terms or words-

Are

attempts at making a reader share the writer's point of view.

Can

be exaggerations or words that attempt to force an

opinion

or feeling.Slide74

Persuasive Examples

Bandwagon-

Everyone else who did well ate a healthy breakfast. You should, too

!

Testimonials

-

Justen

Beaber

ate his Wheaties before the tests and passed his assessment

!

Loaded words, like loaded

questions

:

"You were at the mall yesterday, weren't you

?“

Caricature:

MrChadband

is a large yellow man, with a fat smile, and a general appearance of having a good deal of train oil in his system

.

False assumption:

My garden is extremely beautiful. Sure, I work at it. But no one can make a garden this beautiful - no one human, anyway. Only fairies could have done it! I know that fairies had to have made my garden so beautiful, and that's how I know that fairies really exist.

Factual Claim

:

P

ublic

that

Internet

chatrooms

are not safe.