Life in the Ocean Earth’s - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Life in the OceanSlide2

Earth’s

life forms are related. Evolved from a single ancient instance of originOrganisms change as time passes (evolution), adapting by natural selection to their environmentsAll life activity is involved, directly or indirectly, in energy transformation and transfer

Key ConceptsSlide3

Atoms and

small molecules that make up the biochemicals, and thus the bodies, of organisms move between the living and nonliving realms in biogeochemical cyclesThe success of marine organisms depends on their relation with the physical and biological factors influencing them. Rapid chance may result in mass extinction

Key Concepts (cont’d.)Slide4

Life on Earth is diverse – different kinds of living

organisms Between 700,000 and one million species live in the world's oceans, according to a thorough new analysis, which also estimated that between one-third and two-thirds of those species have yet to be named and described

.

Unity – all species share the same underlying

mechanisms (convergent evolution)

Life on Earth Is Notable for Unity and Its DiversitySlide5

Evolution – change

Natural selectionRandom variations – mutations Inheritable traits – adaptations Species – reproductively isolatedConvergent evolutionPhysical conditions in open ocean

Produce similar traits in organisms

The Concept of Evolution Helps Explain the Nature of Life in the OceanSlide6

Convergent Evolution

in sharks, ichthyosaurs, penguins, and dolphins

Selection for adaptations that permitted rapid swimming resulted in superficially similar shapes among these four kinds of vertebrates, even though they are only remotely related.Slide7

Mass extinction – simultaneous death of many

speciesCauses Asteroid impacts6 miles-.5 Trillion tons of TNT and 100 million metric tons of earths crust-decades with no sunMassive volcanic

eruptions-P-T event (Permian-Triassic) too much CO

2

and temp increase 10◦

Rapid

, Violent Changes Cause Mass ExtinctionsSlide8

Taxonomy – biological

classificationArtificial (Aristotle)-the way it looksNatural-evolution and developmentLinnaeus – classification systemKingdomsHierarchyModern domain classification

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

13.4 Oceanic Life Is Classified by Evolutionary HeritageSlide9

Oceanic Life Is Classified by Evolutionary HeritageSlide10

Living things capture, store, transmit energy

Photosynthesis – storage of solar energyChemosynthesis – storage of energy from inorganic moleculesNo sunlight requiredThe Flow of Energy Allows Living Things to Maintain Complex OrganizationSlide11

Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE

+H

2

OSlide12

Stepped Art

Producers

Photosynthesizers:

Green plants

and algae, and specialized

bacteria

Chemical energy (carbohydrates, etc.)

Consumers

Respirers:

Animals and decomposers and plants at night

Energy of movement, waste heat, entropy

To space

Sun

Light energy

The Flow of Energy through Living SystemsSlide13

Autotrophs – make their own

food

Heterotrophs – must consume foodSlide14
Slide15

Food Webs

Primary producers-AutotrophsTop

consumers-Highest trophic level

Trophic pyramid Slide16

Trophic Pyramid-F

eeding HierarchySlide17

Biogeochemical cycles

Carbon cycleNitrogen cycleNitrogen must be fixed Iron and other trace metalsIron can be almost absent from seawater – it is nearly insoluble in oxygenated water

Elements

Cycle between Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Four major elements

Carbon -Oxygen

Hydrogen -NitrogenSlide18

Elements Cycle between Living Organisms and Their SurroundingsSlide19

The

Nitrogen Cycle in the EnvironmentSlide20

Physical factor

Biological factorLimiting factor – presence limits normal action of organismsPhotosynthesisDepends on lightTemperatureInfluences metabolic rate

Environmental

Factors Influence the Success of Marine OrganismsSlide21

Penetration of

Light into the Ocean

Clear, open ocean water.

In clear

, open ocean water, sensitive instruments can detect light to a depth of 600 meters (2,000 feet).

Coastal

ocean water. Because of the suspended particles often present in coastal waters, light cannot penetrate so far—about 100 meters (330 feet) is typical. The sunlit upper zone is called the photic zone. The dark ocean beneath is called the aphotic zone.Slide22

Euphotic

zone, there is enough light for photosynthesis.

D

isphotic

zone, light may be present but not in adequate quantity

for photosynthesis to make more glucose than what is consumed.

Aphotic zone-permanent

darkness. Most of the ocean is without sunlight all of the time, and all of it is dark some of the time.

S

unlit

zone of the ocean is known as the

photic zone. Slide23

Temperatures of marine water capable

of supporting life.

Some

isolated areas of the ocean, notably within and beneath hydrothermal vents, may support specialized living organisms at temperatures to 400°C (750°F)Slide24

Dissolved gas concentrations vary with

temperature (Cooler holds more)Dissolved carbon dioxide influences acidity Salinity affects cell membranes Diffusion

, osmosis, and active

transport-Do you remember??

Key Environmental ProcessesSlide25

The Effects of Osmosis in Different EnvironmentsSlide26

Life on Earth is notable for unity and diversity

Earth’s organisms have evolved over almost 4 billion yearsAutotrophs and heterotrophs interact in complex food websPhysical factors affect life in marine habitatsChapter in Perspective