Module Two - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Module TwoChap. 4, 5, & 6Slide2

Chapter 4Soil and Pest Factors ThatInfluence Fumigant ActivitySlide3

Factors that Influence Soil FumigationPest Factors:What are they (pest identification)?Where are they (how deep)?When to fumigate (application timing) ?How much gas to use (fumigation rate)?Slide4

Correct diagnosis is the first step in successful disease management!

Factors that Influence Soil FumigationSlide5

Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:

Application DepthSlide6

Fumigating when soil temperatures are higher also catches pest & pathogens at growth stages when pests & pathogens are more active, when they are more susceptible to soil fumigants.

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Application TimingSlide7

The appropriate fumigant, its application rate, application method, & timing are determined by:

The crop to be planted;

The target soil-borne organism(s) – “pests”;

Level of infestation;

Soil characteristics, such as texture

;

Environmental conditions.Slide8

Fumigator Set-up, Repair & MaintenanceCheck fittings and tubing to ensure all are made of materials compatible with the fumigant to be used; never aluminum

;

Filters in all systems, check valves in pressurized systems.Slide9

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil Characteristics

Soil

Particle

Soil Particle

Soil Particle

Nematode

Soil Pore Air Space

Soil Water Film

Soil Water Film

Soil FumigantSlide10

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil Temperature

Soil

Particle

Soil Particle

Soil Particle

Nematode

Soil Pore Air Space

Soil Water Film

Soil Water Film

Soil Fumigant

Soil temperature influences how fast fumigants change from a liquid into a gas;

Gases move through soil faster than liquids;

The higher the soil temperature, the

f

aster fumigants vaporize into a gas

;Slide11

The higher the soil temperature, the further the fumigant often moves – through soil, but also potentially into the air above the ground.Acceptable soil temperatures at the point of injection usually between 40o

and 90

o

F.

If air temperatures have been above 100

o

for within 72

hr

of application, soil temperatures at application must be recorded.

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil TemperatureSlide12

Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:

Soil TextureSlide13

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil Texture

Soil

Particle

Soil Particle

Soil Particle

Nematode

Soil Pore Air Space

Soil Water Film

Soil Water Film

Soil Fumigant

Coarser soils (sands, sandy loams) have larger soil particles & larger spaces between them (pores);

Fumigants can move through larger soil pores faster;

The coarser the soil, the

f

aster & further fumigants move, both through soil and into the air

;Slide14

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil Moisture

Soil

Particle

Soil Particle

Soil Particle

Nematode

Soil Pore Air Space

Soil Water Film

Soil Water Film

Soil Fumigant

Soil moisture influences how far & how fast fumigants move;

Soil moisture requirements vary for fumigants depending upon their vaporization rate and water solubility;

The coarser the soil, the

f

aster & further fumigants move through soil

;Slide15

Soil

Particle

Soil Particle

Soil Particle

Nematode

Soil Pore Air Space

Soil Water Film

Soil Water Film

Soil Fumigant

Soil moisture influences how far & how fast fumigants move;

Coarser textured (sandier) soils typically require higher moisture contents than finer-textured soils (clays, silts).

Soil moisture requirements vary for fumigants depending upon their vaporization rate and water solubility;

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil MoistureSlide16

Soil

Particle

Soil Particle

Soil Particle

Nematode

Soil Pore Air Space

Soil Water Film

Soil Water Film

Soil Fumigant

The coarser the soil, the

f

aster & further fumigants move through soil

;

Determine soil moisture with a

tensiometer

or by the USDA feel & appearance method.

Factors that Influence

S

oil Fumigation:

Soil MoistureSlide17

“USDA Feel & Appearance Method”or “Clod Method”

50-75% Moisture in Fine Sands/Loamy Sands:

When darkened soil forms a moist ball with loose & clustered sand grains on fingers, with moderate water staining on fingers; will not ribbon.

Photo courtesy USDA-NRCSSlide18

“USDA Feel & Appearance Method”or “Clod Method”

50-75% Moisture in Sandy Loams:

when Darkened soil forms a ball with defined finger marks, very light soil/water staining on fingers, not sticky.

Photo courtesy USDA-NRCSSlide19

“USDA Feel & Appearance Method”or “Clod Method”

50-75% Moisture in Sandy Clays & Clay Loams:

when darkened soil forms a ball, very light staining on fingers, pliable, & forms a weak ribbon between thumb & forefinger.

Photo courtesy USDA-NRCSSlide20

Soil Tilth = the physical condition of soilFactors = clods, moisture content, aeration, water infiltration, & drainage;

Clods & hardpans have less pore space, slowing and reducing fumigant movement, but increasing off-gassing;

Best soil

tilth

for fumigation = physical condition that allows the fumigant to diffuse through soil but not escape when the soil surface is sealed properly.

Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:

Soil

TilthSlide21

P

i

= ~844 eggs/500 cc soil

Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:

Crop Residues

Slow fumigant movement by absorbing some fumigants;

Break the seal at the soil surface,

providing avenues for gas to escape from the soil

;

Hang-up on fumigator shanks, plugging outlets.Slide22

For less volatile fumigants, by compacting soil or irrigation (~1/4” water)

Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:

Soil SealingSlide23

Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:

Soil Sealing

By

tarping

for more volatile fumigants

(methyl bromide, some chloropicrin applications).Slide24

Review QuestionsSlide25

Which of the following soil factors has little or no effect on the fumigant’s movement through the soil?TilthpHTextureSlide26

A fumigant handler is intending to apply a 1,3-D/chloropicrin product to a sandy loam field. Soil temperature at the depth of the application is 45°F, and the soil forms a weak ball using the “feel method.” Which of the following may limit the success of this fumigation?

Soil texture

Soil moisture

Soil temperatureSlide27

Which of the following pest factors has the greatest impact on the timing of a soil fumigant application?Pest densityDifficult-to-control pestsGrowth stage of an insect.Slide28

Chapter 5Personal Protective Equipment

and RespiratorsSlide29

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Fumigants are distinct from other pesticides fumigants are volatile may result in inhalation exposure. Therefore PPE required differs from

non-fumigants

Check

the pesticide

label PPE

directions

in the

Precautionary Statements section

of the

pesticide label. Slide30

Differences in PPE for FumigantsExamples of how PPE for various fumigants may differ from

non-fumigants:

Respirators are always required to be kept on site

Loose-fitting

work

clothes

Often no

chemical-resistant apron or

spray suit

May not allow Chemical-resistant

gloves or

boots May require wearing cotton glovesOthers may specify chemical-resistant gloves and footwear just for certain tasks.Specific about the type of eye or

respiratory protection

to wear and

whenSlide31

RespiratorsMedical Evaluation Before Respirator Fit Testingpreliminary screening, a medical practitioner may determine that a physical exam is required.

Re-examined if

health

status,

respirator style,

use

conditions change.Slide32

RespiratorsMay be required for:Any handling taskTriggered by sensory irritationNot required:Prior to application of the fumigant

When transporting unopened cylinders

Slide33

Respirator Fit and CareAfter being cleared for:Air-purifying respirator (APR) Fumigant handlers must be

Fit tested and trained

on

how

to use

each

specific respirator

Fit

testing is

required and repeated

annually. Slide34

Respirator Fit and CareFollow-up fit testing is required if:The style of the face piece has changed.The respirator size, model, or brand has

changed.

There

is a physical change in

the person’s face due to weight change or dental work.

Fit

is unacceptable.

At

request of the user.

Employer

policy

.Fit check before each use (user seal check)Slide35

Respirator TrainingAdequate training is required before handling a fumigant, including:Fit and use of the respiratorEven if it is for emergency response

only

Must establish a

formal respiratory protection

program, including:

Written operating

procedures for

maintenance

,

cleaning,

storageSlide36

Respirator TypesAPR (Air Purifying Respirator)replaceable organic vapor cartridge or canister(gas mask)

half-face/

fullface

PAPR (powered)

SCBA

(Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus)Slide37

SelectionCarefully review the respirator requirements on the label to determine:Whether you need respiratory protection.Correct type of respirator for

that fumigant

.

Situations

when

respiratory protection

is needed

.

Never substitute another type of

respiratorSlide38

Cartridge or canister lifeThe type of cartridge.The size of the cartridge.The type and concentration of vapors in the surrounding air.The length of exposure.The rate of breathing

.

Whether

more than one

contaminant is

present.

The

temperature and humidity at

the time

of use.Slide39

Cartridge Replacement (also a WPS Requirement)At the first indication of odor, taste, or irritation.

According

to the pesticide label

or manufacturer

instructions,

whichever is

more frequent.

When

the end of service life

indicator (ESLI

) shows a color change

indicating the unit has expired.In absence of any of the above instructions or indications of service life, at the end of each day’s work period.Slide40

SCBASCBA respirators are only used For emergency situations and Not permitted for routine handler tasks.Slide41

Review QuestionsSlide42

Who must undergo a medical evaluation before using respiratory equipment?Fumigant handlers with known heart problems. Fumigant handlers who will be removing tarps.

Any fumigant handler or certified applicator who might need to wear a respirator.Slide43

Which type of respirator may never be worn during routine fumigant handler tasks?Half-face air purifying respirator (APR)Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR)

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)Slide44

How do soil fumigant labels differ from nonfumigant labels regarding personal protective equipment (PPE) statements?

Respirators are always required on site

Different products have different PPE requirements

PPE requirements will vary depending on the handling taskSlide45

Chapter 6Protecting PeopleSlide46

“Stop Work” Trigger Levels and Respiratory ProtectionFumigant labels specify trigger levels which require fumigant handlers toContinue work using

a

respirator, or

Stop work and leave

the

application block and buffer zone.

Prevents fumigant

handlers from being

exposed to

the maximum-use

concentration (MUC) (capacity of the respirator cartridge)Slide47

Examples of Label RequirementsAn APR with the appropriate cartridges or canisters must be available for each fumigant handler who may be required to wear a respirator.For

methyl bromide formulations

with

more

than

20% chloropicrin,

100%

chloropicrin

formulations,

dazomet

,

metam sodium, and metam potassium, fumigant handlers only need to wear full-face or gas-mask type respirators when they experience sensory irritation. If this happens, fumigant handlers must either stop work and leave the area, or use a full-face

APR to

complete the task

.Slide48

Minimum number of fumiganthandlers and respirators that mustbe on

site:

M

ethyl

bromide,

chloropicrin

only, and other

products with chloropicrin:

At least

two fumigant

handlers must

be on site.At least two APRs must be on site.

Metam

Sodium &

Metam

Potassium:One fumigant handler on site.One full-face APR must also be on site.Slide49

Stop Work TriggersTrigger levels and air-monitoring requirements are found on labels under the “Respiratory Protection and Stop

Work Triggers”

section.Slide50

Sensory IrritationA physical reaction to a certain fumigant air concentration, including…burning or irritation of the eyes,

nose

, or

mucous

membranes

.

If at any

time

there is sensory irritation handler must:

Use

an APR to complete the

task, orStop work and leave the application block and buffer zone.Slide51

Air MonitoringTwo things can initiate the need for air monitoring to start immediately:Whenever a fumigant handler is wearing an APR.Sensory irritation.

Air samples

must be collected at least every

2 hours

in

the breathing zone of

the h

andler

performing a

representative

task

The breathing zone is the area within a 10-inch radius of the nose and mouth.Slide52

Returning to work without APRAfter a trigger level has forced work to stop, handlers cannot re-enter the application site or buffer zone area until:Two consecutive air monitoring

samples taken

in the fumigant

handler’s breathing

zone and 15 minutes

apart are

below the specified trigger level.

Fumigant

handler does not

experience sensory

irritation.Slide53
Slide54

Monitoring RepresentativeHandler ActivitiesActivities to be sampled must represent each handler’s exposure occurring within the application block; i.e.

Tractor driver

Co-pilot

ShovelerSlide55

Air-Monitoring DevicesGas detector tubesdisposable and can be used only once.Must use pump and tubes from the same manufacturerTubes deteriorate with age.

Some tubes have

a shelf life of two years

when stored

at room temperature.

Deterioration is

more rapid above 86°F.

Direct

sunlight affects the

chemical

reagents

in the tubes.At low temperatures—at or below freezing—tubes may not give reliable readings. Warm the tubes to room temperature before use for best performance.Tubes may have cross‑sensitivity to gases

other

than their target gas. Seek

this information

from the manufacturer.Slide56

Emergency Preparednessand ResponseIf homes or businesses are near a buffer zone, the certified applicator-in-charge has two options:

Option

1: Monitor the buffer zone.

Option

2:

Provide

response

information

to neighbors

Certified applicator may choose the optionIf the buffer zone is 25 feet then emergency preparedness measures are not requiredSlide57

Option 1 – Monitor the Buffer ZoneMonitor between the Buffer Zone and the home or business of concern.Monitor at least four times each day throughout

the buffer zone period:

1

hour before sunset on the day

the

application

begins,

once

during the night,

once

at 1 hour after sunrise, and

once during the day.Over the course of the 48-hour buffer zone period, monitoring will occur eight times.Slide58

OPTION 2: Provide EmergencyResponse Information to Neighbors.Information to neighbors provided

at

least

one

week before the

application including:

The location of the application block.

Basic

information about the

fumigant

product

.Contact information for the certified applicator and property owner.When the fumigation and the buffer zone period will occur (must not

be more

than four weeks away).

Early

signs and symptoms of exposure, and what to do if exposure is suspected (call 911 in most cases).Slide59

Method of NotificationProvide this information using any method that effectively communicates the required material to the neighbors.telephone,

door

hangers,

mailings, or

email

.

May

not

use mass media (radio, TV, Newspaper Ad)

It

is a good

idea to attach a copy of the information provided to the FMP as a record. Slide60
Slide61

Emergency Response PlanPlan must be initiated:If handler experiences sensory irritation, or air monitoring detects concentrations of concern outside of the buffer zone.Slide62

Fumigant Poisoningand First AidFumigant poisoning can occur from contact with the skin, eyes, or tissues in the mouth or nose.

Seek

immediate

professional medical

attention if

anyone experiences

an exposure to a fumigant.Slide63

Review QuestionsSlide64

If a fumigant handler who is NOT wearing an air purifying respirator (APR) experiences sensory irritation, he or she has two choices. What are they?Stop working and leave the area or use an APR to complete the task.Use an SCBA or take air-monitoring samples from the breathing zone.

Stop working and leave the area or ask the certified applicator-in-charge to finish the task.Slide65

The lower trigger level on a fumigant label is 1 ppm and the upper trigger level is 5 ppm. Air-monitoring samples show a fumigant concentration of 2.2

ppm

in the area where fumigant handlers are working. Which of the following actions are correct?

Continue air monitoring to see whether air concentration levels reach the upper trigger level.

Reseal the soil where necessary to prevent further fumigant off-gassing.

Require fumigant handlers to either put on a respirator or leave the application block and buffer zone.Slide66

Labels typically require how many air-monitoring samples show that air concentrations of the fumigant are below the trigger level, and allow fumigant handlers to remove their APRs?OneTwo

FiveSlide67

How large is the breathing zone around the nose and mouth?1. 6-inch radius.2. 10-inch radius.3. 24-inch radius.Slide68

What is the purpose of a trigger level?To determine when respirators must be available on site.To prevent the fumigant handlers from being exposed to maximum-use concentrations (MUC’s).

To stop the application until the fumigant concentration level falls below the trigger level.