Muslim States Chapter 4 The Expansion of Muslim Rule Chapter 4 Lesson 1 L1 HW Review Qs Identify amp Example 2 sentences 1 hitandrun 2 campaign 3 retreat 4 bureaucracy 5 emirs 6 provinces 7 duty 8 flee ID: 274010
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "The Rise of" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
The Rise of Muslim States
Chapter 4Slide2
The Expansion of Muslim Rule
Chapter 4, Lesson 1Slide3
L1 HW Review Q’s
Identify & Example
(2 sentences)
1) hit-and-run 2) campaign 3) retreat 4) bureaucracy 5) emirs 6) provinces 7) duty 8) flee
Main Idea
(3-5 sentences)
What types of tactics did Muslims use to expand their Empire east and west?
Summarize
(4-6 sentences)
Muslim Empire splits into East & West.
Critical Thinking
(5-7 sentences)
How did the Umayyads
unite
their far-flung empire?Slide4
Words to Know
Stronghold (n.)
Def
: place that is heavily defended
Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a stronghold of education
Launch (v.)
Def
: to begin or start
Ex: Every day is an opportunity to launch your education to the next level.
Far-flung (n.)Def: wide-ranging; extensiveEx: Your education is a far-flung empire of knowledge
Prominent (n.)
Def
:
high-ranking; widely known
Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is prominent for its evilnessSlide5
Expansion Under the Umayyads
Took power: 661, extended empires
eastern
boundary into
Persia
then Central Asia
1st tactic: hit-and-run raids
; attack major trading centers: Bukhara, Samarkand Hit-and-run: attack quickly, grab what you can, retreat (run away) 2nd tactic: organized campaigns of conquest end of 700s; Muslim Empire controls much of Central AsiaSlide6
Westward Expansion
710: controlled whole of
North Africa
from Nile River to Atlantic Ocean
711: moved across Mediterranean into
Iberian Peninsula
(southwestern tip of Europe, modern-day Spain & Portugal) Tactics: military force & treaties From strongholds in Spain, Muslims raided deeper into Europe
Battle of Tours: 732, Christian forces stopped Muslim advance Muslims retreat to SpainSlide7
Umayyad Government
700s: Muslim empire far-flung = difficult to govern, difficult to unite
Umayyads patterned govn’t on Byzantine
bureaucracy
: system of
departments
and agencies that carry out the work of the government Umayyad capital: Damascus
Caliphs divide empire into provinces; appoint emirs (Muslim governors) Emirs relied on local clans to help them governSlide8
Common Language & Coinage + Pilgrimage
Different languages = difficult for Empire (communication, business, transportation)
Abd al-Malik = caliph 685; declared Arabic
official language
700, al-Malik introduced
common coinage Coins engraved with Arabic “quotations” from Qur’anEffect 1
: spread acceptance of Islam & ArabicEffect 2: commerce (business) = much easier Pilgrimage to Mecca: hajj = blending of different culturesEffect: travelers share language & culturesEffect: bring back knowledge to homelandSlide9
Overthrow of Umayyads
mid-700s: Umayyads face major challenges
Many Muslims thought Umayyads did not take their
duties
as leaders seriously
Reason 1: living life of luxury Reason 2: hereditary dynasty Abbasids: Muslim group who opposed Umayyads
Story: invited Umayyad leader to peace negotiations IT WAS AN AMBUSH! Umayyad leaders were murdered Only one Umayyad escapes: Abd al-Rahman Flees to Spain, re-establishes Umayyad dynasty EFFECT: Muslim empire permanently split into East & WestSlide10
A Golden Age in the East
Chapter 4, Lesson 2Slide11
L2 HW Review Q’s
Identify & Example
(2 sentences)
1)
f
abric 2) intertwine 3) calligraphy 4) translate 5) bandits 6) selfish
Main Idea
(3-5 sentences)How did Abbasids control their vast empire?How is Muslim art different from Christian art
?Summarize (4-6 sentences)Prosperous Baghdad.Muslim bookmaking & literature.Muslim medicine & hospitals.Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)What important contributions did Muslims make in mathematic & astronomy?
What internal & external weaknesses led to the decline of the Abbasids?Slide12
Words to Know
Station (v.)
Def
: to assign
to location or position
Ex: Students were stationed in Mr. Igor’s classroom to LEARN
Sugar
cane (n.)
Def: a tall grass with thick, juicy stems from which sugar is producedEx: No sugar cane until you finish your notes!
Script (n.)Def: the hand-written letters or symbols of a languageEx: The alphabet is a modern-day script.
Fond (n.)
Def
: having a liking for
Ex: Mr. Igor is fond of teaching. Are you fond of learning?Slide13
Abbasid Power
FORCE
Standing army
: fighting forced
maintained
during times of peace as well as in times of war
Abbasids stationed army all over empire Soldiers could quickly go wherever,
whenever there is trouble INCLUSION All Muslims (Arab or non-Arab) are equal Encouraged Christians and Jews to serve in govn’t Most talented people run govn’tSlide14
A New Capital
762: moved capital to Baghdad
Why? Most loyal supporters were east of Damascus
“a marketplace for the world”
Baghdad merchants visited China, India, Northern Europe, Africa Brought back: precious metals & stones, silk & fabrics, ivory, spices, furs, porcelain
By 800s: 900,000 people Desert becomes garden = workers repaired and expanded ancient irrigation canals Farmers grew: rice, sugar cane, cotton, fruits & vegetables Industry (workshops): leather goods, textiles, carpets, ironwork, perfumesSlide15
Golden Age: period during which a society or culture is at its peak
Art & Design
:
Muslims believes it is wrong to use
human form
Distracts from faith/worship of Allah
Muslim art: emphasizes plant life & geometric patterns
Famous designs using tile, pottery, wood Arabesque: intertwined stem, leaves, and flowers of plant Calligraphy: the art of find handwriting (script) Arabic script = special BECAUSE Arabic language of Qur’an Used to decorate buildings/swords/armorSlide16
Abbasid Advances (continued)
Bookmaking
Battle of Talas 751: Chinese prisoners taught Muslims
Paper replaces papyrus
Early 800s: Baghdad = major papermaking center
Books = spread of knowledge/learning
830s: House of Wisdom: big library; housed works by Greek thinkers (Aristotle/Plato) translated into ArabicLiterature The Thousand and One Nights: story about life in Abbasid court mixed with adventure & fantasy
The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor (pg.126-129): very popular today Poetry flourished under Abbasids Ex: quatrain Omar Khayyam 1st, 2nd, 4th lines
rhymeSlide17
Mathematics & Astronomy
Muslim scholars built on ideas of ancient Greeks, Egyptians & Indians
al-Khwarizmi
(born 780, Baghdad): borrowed
numerical system
and ZERO from Indian scholars
Arabic numbering system is world’s numbering system Published set of calculations: Hisab al-
jabar = algebra Omar Khayyam: developed Greek geometry; developed very accurate calendar (astronomy) al-Biruni: fixed direction of Mecca from any point on Earth = practical for Muslims so they can praySlide18
Medicine
Al-Razi
(Persian born): identified diseases such as smallpox and measles
Ibn Sina: wrote
Canon of Medicine
(1000 AD) = organized ALL medical knowledge; described mental conditions Worldwide use for 600 years Muslim hospitals
Treated poor people (unlike other hospitals in world) Different sections for different illnesses Regular inspections; doctors had to have licenses 1100: 60 hospitals in Baghdad 1100: 1 hospital in LondonSlide19
Decline of the Abbasids
Poor leadership
Caliphs fond of “easy living” = ignored their govn’t responsibilities
Did not protect merchants from
bandits
= bad for trade (major source of wealth for caliphs)
Effect: caliphs raise taxes =
selfish behaviorFatimid Revolt
Descendants of Fatima, daughter of MuhammadShia’s Muslims disliked Abbasids fancy lifestyleDrove Abbasids out of Egypt & Tunisia: set up caliphate960s: control much of North AfricaSlide20
Seljuk Turks
Internal weaknesses = open to external attack
1055: Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad
Seljuk leader becomes ruler of empire; BUT, allowed Abbasid caliph to remain as religious leader (indirect rule)
Seljuks
converted to Islam; expanded empire
1071: captured Jerusalem1090s: threatening ConstantinopleChristian response: Crusades (ch. 10)1258: Mongol invaders destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliphSlide21
Muslim rule in Spain
Chapter 4, Lesson 3Slide22
L3 HW Review Q’s
Identify & Example
(2 sentences)
1) rebel 2) opponent 3) workshop 4) reputation 5) criticism 6) dignity 7) disarray
Main Idea
(3-5 sentences)
How did Abd al-Rahman unite al-Andulas?
Why was Abd al-Rahman III a Great Leader?
Summarize (4-6 sentences)The Glory of Cordoba.Maimonides. Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)What important advances were made in the field of medicine?Slide23
Words to Know
Loyalist (n.)
Def
: someone who is faithful, especially
to a government or leader
Ex: Some
of Mr. Igor’s students are loyalists; some are not.
Paved (n.)
Def: covered with a hard surface, such as concrete or asphaltEx: The road to education must be paved with hard work.
Practical (adj.)Def: having a useful purposeEx: It is practical to have a good education.
Diet (n.)
Def
: the usual food and drink consumed by a person or animal
Ex:
It is important to eat a healthy diet regularly so that your mind and body feel good.Slide24
Uniting Muslim Spain
Various Muslim
factions
fighting for control
Abd al-Rahman has loyal supporters
Treaties
with other Muslim groups
Military force: attacked ruling factions, defeated them756: declares himself emir of al-Andulas = Muslim SpainCapital: CordobaUmayyad supporters flock to Spain strengthens Abd al-Rahman’s government & army
788: Abd al-Rahman dies; Spain = strong & unitedSlide25
A Great Leader
8
th
emir: Abd al-Rahman III (took power 912)
Problems
:
Rebel groups challenged government’s authority.Northern border: Christian armies regularly launched attacksSouthern border: Muslim
opponents threatened to invade (from N. Africa)Solutions:Abd al-Rahman built huge standing armyMercenaries: soldiers paid to fightPut down all internal revolts
Strengthened southern border conquered tip of North Africa 929: declared himself caliph of Cordoba Ready to challenge authority of Abbasid and Fatimid caliphsSlide26
The Glory of Cordoba
1000 AD: 500,000 people (larger than London, Paris, Rome)
1)
City of Wonders
:
Paved streets = easier to clean, travel
Street lamps = nightlife & cultureWater system = public baths & fountains, beautiful gardens
2) An Economic Center: 100s of workshops: produced silk, carpets, paper, weapons, and crystal glassItems sold all over Europe; by sea Central Asia & IndiaFarming flourished in countryside: farmers grew rice, figs, cherries, apricots, peaches, cotton & olives4,000!!!
Markets throughout citySlide27
The Glory of Cordoba (continued)
3)
A Great Cultural Center
Late 900s: 70 libraries
Largest library: 400,000 books
Contrast: Christian libraries: 200-300 books
Muslim scholars translated books into Latin Christian scholars studied them
Caliphs of Cordoba encouraged scholars to leave Baghdad for al-AndulasNew arrivals brought fresh ideas & different approaches to learningAdded to Cordoba’s “reputation” as one of world’s great city’sGreat Mosque: could hold 52,000 peopleSlide28
A Golden Age in the West
Mathematics
:
Built on work of earlier mathematicians (ex: al-Khwarizmi)
Made math
practical
Ex: developed accurate calendars
Astronomy:Developed tables that showed location of sun & planetsBuilt precision instruments for viewing the skies/starsPlanetarium
: model planets that can be movedGeography: Studied Spain, North Africa, Arabian peninsulaAl-Idrisi (1154) completed encyclopedia of geographic knowledge: 70 maps, descriptions; Mecca in the center.Slide29
Golden Age in the West II
Medicine
:
Doctor-patient relationship
Doctors should be “kind and understanding”
Doctors should accept criticism & insult without complaint
Doctors should show respect: 1) keep clean 2) behave with dignity
Preventative treatment: change diet before medicine or treatmentAl-ZahrawiLate 900s published
30-volume encyclopedia: surgery, dentistry, child-rearing, diseasesIbn Rushd: translated Plato and Aristotle into Latin spread Greek philosophy in EuropeSlide30
A Golden Age for Jews
Jews lived in Spain since Roman Empire; often persecuted
Under Umayyads, they were welcomed
Jews held high government offices
Samuel ha-
Nagid
: 1
st minister to Muslim leader of GranadaMany were advisers
to Muslim rulersHasdai ben Shaprut: personal doctor of Abd al-Rahman III; also adviser on foreign affairs (peace treaties with Christians) Spanish-Jewish culture: SephardicLanguage: LadinoJews persecuted by Christians in Europe flocked to SpainSlide31
A Great Scholar
Maimonides: born in 1135 in Cordoba
1150:
Almohads
(Muslims from North Africa) seized Cordoba; were intolerant to Jews
Maimonides & family escaped to Cairo
Maimonides became a writer, doctor & philosopher
Taught about religion, science & medicineWrote: The Guide for the Perplexed (1190), about supporting religious faith with the study of philosophySlide32
The Decline of al-Andulas
Maimonides dies: 1204
Different Muslim factions fighting for control of Iberian peninsula
Some groups break away, from smaller kingdoms
Christians in North take advantage of “disarray” and launch attacks
1240s: pushed as far south as Cordoba & SevilleOver next 250 years, Christian forces slowly regain control of Iberian peninsula