Draw 5 boxes Draw the process of mitosis in each phase and describe what is happening to the DNA in each phase Interphase Early Mitosis Mid Mitosis Late Mitosis Final Product Assessment ID: 613196
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Slide1
Warm Up (take out your homework)
Draw 5 boxesDraw the process of mitosis in each phase, and describe what is happening to the DNA in each phase
Interphase
Early
Mitosis
Mid-
Mitosis
Late
Mitosis
Final
ProductSlide2
Assessment
Next Class: Growth and DevelopmentSlide3
Development: Growth & Differentiation
Essential Questions
How are the
bodys
tissues and organs formed?
How can developmental problems lead to cancer?
How are technologies like stem cell therapies and cloning organisms related to developmental processes?Slide4
Todays Objectives
Describe the role of differentiation in the development of a multicellular organism.
Describe the process that leads to differentiation of cells in a multicellular organism.
Review key concepts of the unit so far (growth & differentiation)Slide5
Concept ReviewSlide6
Vocab
Zygote: a fertilized eggPhenotype: the observable traits of an organismSlide7
Readings: Coordinating Growth
Differentiation and the Expression of Genetic InfoWhat might happen if too little cell division takes place?
Injuries go unrepairedToo much?A tumor can developSlide8
2) Most of us go
through every stage in the same sequence.
So what?So clearly there is some pretty good coordination of development going on.Slide9
3) What
are the two possible explanations for why all cells with the same DNA don’t do the same thing?**DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION**
Environments inside the cells differ. A substance in one part of the cytoplasm ends up in one daughter cell and not the other. This may change the activity of the genes in that cell.Something
outside the cell differs. A nearby cell may affect its neighbor’s gene expression.Slide10
Define
induction and give an example.An outside influence on differentiation that occurs when a group of cells can cause a neighboring group of cells to differentiate in a certain way. Example: eye tissue development
Sweat glands, teeth, limbs, and feathers* See graphicSlide11
5) Why
are we not 4 Foot wide brains? -Different cell types use different parts of their genetic materialSlide12
6) How
do environmental influences affect gene expression ?-Although all cells have the same genes, environmental influences inside and outside the cell cause certain genes to turn on and others to turn off.
*Active gene is transcribed to mRNA for protein synthesis *Inactive gene is not transcribedSlide13
VOCAB GAME
Try to get your partner to guess the vocabulary word by giving him or her the definition.Development Differential Gene ExpressionGrowth Interphase
Differentiation MitosisInduction SenescenceSlide14
Concept ReviewSlide15
Growth
Growth is a key component of development in which a multicellular organism increases in size due to an increase in the number of cells.
Mitosis produces an increase in the number of cells during development.
(http://geneticssuite.net/files/Cell%20multiplication.jpg)Slide16
The Cell Cycle – Life of a Cell
Interphase
Accounts for
90% of the life cycle of a cell
Cell metabolism is active, the cell
grows and DNA isreplicated
before the cell divides
M PhaseConsists of Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)Slide17
Mitosis results in how many daughter cells?
A) 1
B) 2C) 3
D) 4Slide18
How do the daughter cells of mitosis compare with the parent cell genetically?
A) different
B) sameC) some parts are different, some parts are the same
D) I’
m not sureSlide19
DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell
DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form chromatin fibers. Chromatin is the form in which genetic material takes during interphase.
Chromatin further condenses into a chromosome during the M phase of the cell cycle.
(http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-chromosomes)Slide20
Chromosome Structure
A duplicated chromosome consists of
two sister chromatids (present during prophase and metaphase of mitosis)
Sister chromatids are joined at a centromere
Which is an attachment point for spindle fibers during mitosisA chromosome consists of one
chromatid after sister chromatids are pulled apart during
mitosisSlide21
Chromososmes are present in a condensed, visible (under the microsccope) form during
A) All parts of the cell cycle
B) Interphase only
C) Mitosis onlyD) I’
m not sureSlide22
Interphase
Includes:
Growth
of cellMetabolism is activeDNA
is replicated“Spaghetti Stage”Slide23
Early Mitosis
Chromosomes Condense
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
disintegrate
Centrosomes migrate to polesSpindle fibers appearSlide24
Mid-Mitosis
Chromosomes line up along the equator
(middle) of
the cellSlide25
Late Mitosis
Sister chromatids separate
Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to
polesSlide26
Final Result:
2 identical daughter cells
Chromosomes
go to separate poles
Chromosomes unwind
Nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) is
completedSlide27
2.
1.
4.
3.Slide28
Differentiation
During development,
differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized. In other words, cells become structurally and functionally different.
Different cell types express
(make proteins from) different genes within the DNA sequence of the nucleus.
(http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/12/from_two_cells_to_many_cell_di.php)Slide29
How does differentiation occur?
During development of an embryo, both the internal environment of cells and the external environment of cells within the embryo differs.
This causes individual cells within the embryo to turn certain genes on and others off.
Genes become turned on when they are transcribed into mRNA for protein synthesis.Different cell types produce certain proteins that are specific to the functioning of that cell type.Slide30
T-R-I summarizations
Draw two 4-squares on one sheet of paperSlide31
T-R-I summarizations
Topic: Growth
RestrictionIllustration
Non-illustrationSlide32
T-R-I summarizations
Topic: Differentiation
RestrictionIllustration
Non-illustrationSlide33
Written Response
Write a one paragraph response to the following question:Explain the relationship between mitosis and growth that occurs during developmentRemember: more depth = higher gradeSlide34
Four-Two-One
Test prep for next classDifferentiationSlide35
Written Response
Write a one paragraph response to the following question:Compare and contrast growth, differentiation, and senescencel
Remember: more depth = higher grade