Chapter 4 The Solar System 2017 Pearson Education Inc Units of Chapter 4 An Inventory of the Solar System Interplanetary Matter Formation of the Solar System Planets Beyond the Solar System ID: 648028
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Chapter 4 The Solar System
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Units of Chapter 4
An Inventory of the Solar System
Interplanetary MatterFormation of the Solar SystemPlanets Beyond the Solar System
Summary of Chapter 4
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Early astronomers knew about the Moon, stars, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, comets, and meteors.
Now known: Solar system
has 1 star, 169 moons orbiting 8 planets (added Uranus and Neptune),
asteroids, comets,
meteoroids, dwarf planets,
and Kuiper belt objects.
4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
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4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
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4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
Distance from Sun known by
Kepler’s laws.Orbital period can be observed.
Radius known from angular size.
Masses known from Newton
’
s laws.
Rotation period known from observations.
Density can be calculated knowing radius and mass.© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.Slide7
4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
All orbits but Mercury
’s are close to the same plane.
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4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
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4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
Terrestrial planets
:
Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars
Jovian planets
:
Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune
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4.1 An Inventory of the Solar System
Differences between the terrestrial planets:
Atmospheres and surface conditions are very dissimilar.Only Earth has oxygen in atmosphere and liquid water on surface.
Earth and Mars rotate at about the same rate; Venus and Mercury are much slower, and Venus rotates in the opposite direction.
Earth and Mars have moons; Mercury and Venus don
’
t.
Earth and Mercury have magnetic fields; Venus and Mars don
’t.
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
The inner solar system, showing the asteroid belt, Earth-crossing asteroids, and Trojan asteroids
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
The path of Icarus, an Earth-crossing asteroid
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
Asteroids and meteoroids have rocky composition; asteroids are bigger.
(above) Asteroid Ida with its moon, Dactyl
(below) Asteroid
Mathilde
(above) Asteroid
Itokawa
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Discovery 4.1: What Killed the Dinosaurs?
The dinosaurs may have been killed by the impact of a large meteor or small asteroid.
The larger an impact is, the less often we expect it to occur.
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
Asteroid Eros
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
Comets are icy, with some
rocky parts
.
The basic components of a comet
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
The solar wind
means the
ion tail always points
away from the Sun.
The dust tail also
tends to
point away from the
Sun, but the dust
particles are more massive and lag somewhat, forming
a curved
tail.
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
Jets carry gas and dust away from the comet’s nucleus as it is warmed by the Sun.
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
The size, shape,
and orientation
of cometary
orbits depend on
their location
.
Oort
cloud comets rarely
enter the inner solar system.
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
Meteor showers are associated with comets—they are the debris left over when a comet breaks up.
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
The impact of a large meteor can create a significant crater.
The Barringer meteor crater in Arizona
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4.2 Interplanetary Matter
The Manicouagan reservoir in Quebec
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4.3 The Formation of the Solar System
Nebular contraction:
Cloud of
gas and dust
contracts due
to gravity;
conservation of
angular momentum
means it spins faster and faster
as it contracts.
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4.3 Formation of the Solar System
Condensation theory:
Condensation occurs
when gas
cools and changes its
state to become tiny
solid particles
.
Interstellar dust grains
act as condensation nuclei
.
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4.3 Formation of the Solar System
The star Beta Pictoris is surrounded by a disk of warm matter, which may indicate planetary formation.
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More
Precisely 4.2:
The Concept of Angular Momentum
Conservation of angular momentum says that the product of radius and rotation rate must be constant.
Therefore, as a dust cloud collapses, its rate of rotation will increase.
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4.3 Formation of the Solar System
These images show possible planetary systems in the process of formation.
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4.3 Formation of the Solar System
Temperature in the
cloud determines
where
various materials
condense
out; this
determines where
rocky planets and gas giants
form.
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4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System
Many planets have been discovered in other solar systems; this figure compares recently discovered
exoplanets
to Neptune and Earth.
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4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System
Some planets are discovered
through the
“
wobble
”
they create
in their parent star
’s orbit.
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4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System
Others are discovered through the periodic dimming of the parent star’s brightness.
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4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System
These are the orbits of many
extrasolar planets discovered so far. Most have masses closer to that of Jupiter than that of Earth.
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4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System
These are the orbits of many
extrasolar planets discovered so far.
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4.4 Planets Beyond the Solar System
This plot shows the
masses of
many extrasolar planets
discovered
so far. Most have
masses
closer to the mass
of
Jupiter or Neptune than that of Earth.
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Summary of Chapter 4
The solar system consists of the Sun and everything
orbiting it.Asteroids are rocky, and most orbit between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Comets are icy and are believed to have formed early in the solar system
’
s life.
Major planets orbit the Sun in same sense, and all but Venus rotate in that sense as well.
Planetary orbits lie almost in the same plane.
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Summary of Chapter 4, cont.
Four inner
planets—terrestrial planets—are rocky, small, and dense.
Four
outer
planets—Jovian planets—are made of gas and liquid and are large.
Nebular theory of solar system formation
says that
a cloud of gas and dust gradually collapsed under its own gravity, spinning faster as it shrank.Condensation theory says dust grains acted as condensation nuclei, beginning formation of larger objects.
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Summary of Chapter 4, cont.
Planets have been discovered in other solar systems.
Most of those discovered so far are large and orbit much closer to the Sun than the large planets in our solar system do.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.