Joints Classifications - PowerPoint Presentation

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Joints

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Classifications

2 ways to classify:

1) Functional

2) Structural

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Functional Classification:

Immovable joints-

Synarthroses

Slightly moveable-

A

mphiarthroses

Freely moveable-

Diarthroses

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Structural Classification:

1) Fibrous

- joined by fibrous tissue- immovable example:

Sutures- of the skull

Syndesmoses

-

interosseous

Gomphoses

- tooth sockets

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2) Cartilaginous-

united by cartilage

Examples:

Synchondroses

-

epiphyseal

plates

Symphyses

- pubic, intervertebral discs

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3. Synovial-

all those joints that have the bones separated by a fluid containing joint cavity

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All Synovial joints have:

1.

Articular

cartilage

(hyaline)

2. Joint (synovial) cavity

3.

Articular

capsule

(double layer)

4. Synovial membrane

5

. Synovial Fluid

(secreted by the membrane)

6

. Reinforcing ligaments

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Synovial Joint

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Certain synovial joints also have:

1.

Bursa

- flattened fibrous sacs of lubricant

2.

Tendon Sheaths-

an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

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Factors that influence stability:

1.

A

rticular

surfaces-

the way the bones fit together

2. Ligaments-

the more the better

3. Muscle tone-

keeps tendons tight

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Types of Synovial Joints

Plane Joints

– gliding joints – carpals

Hinge joint-

elbow,

finger

Pivot joint-

atlas / axis

Saddle Joint-

thumb

Ball and Socket Joint-

shoulder, hip

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Movements:

Gliding

- between the carpals,

tarsals

, vertebrae

Flexion

- decrease angle, bring bones together

Extension

- increase angle, bring bones apart

Dorsiflexion

- toe points up

Plantar flexion-

toe points down

Abduction

- move limb away from midline

Adduction

- move limb toward midline

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Movements Continued

Circumduction

- move a limb in a cone in space

Rotation

- turning a bone around it’s axis

Supination

- move hand into anatomical position

Pronation

- move hand medial, palm face back

Inversion

- move foot medially

Eversion

- move foot laterally

Protraction

- anterior non lateral movement

Retraction

- posterior non angular movement

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Movements Continued

Elevation

- lift the body part superior

Depression

- move the body part inferior

Opposition

- movement of thumb

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Shoulder Joint

Glenohumeral

joint

Loose joint= free movement= instability

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Shoulder Joint Consists of:

Glenoid

labrum

Corocohumeral

ligament

Glenohumeral

ligaments (3)

Transverse humeral ligaments (3)

Also has several

bursae

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The greatest contribution to shoulder stability is the muscle tendons:

Long head of the biceps brachi- secures the head of the humerus tightly against the glenoid cavity.4 other tendons:SubscapularisSupraspinatus Rotator CuffInfraspinatusTeres minor

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Shoulder

The Rotator Cuff can be severely stretched when subjected to vigorous circumduction-Example: Baseball

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Hip (Coxal) Joint

Less free movement = higher stability

Ligaments:

Labrum

acetabular

Iliofemeral

ligament

Pubofemoral

ligament

Ischiofemoral

ligament

Most tendons of bulky hip and thigh muscles contribute to the stability

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Elbow Joint

Flexion and extension – No side to side movement

Capsule surrounded by annular ligament

Ulnar

collateral ligament (medial)

Radial collateral ligament (lateral)

Tendons of several muscles- biceps, triceps, brachialis,- to reinforce it.

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Knee Joint

Largest, Most Complex

Extension, flexion, some

r

otation

Includes the Femoral- patella joint

-

where the patella glides over the femur

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The knee normally acts as a hinge joint permitting extension and flexion

When it is partially flexed some side movement is possible

When it is extended, the ligaments resist side to side or rotation

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The knee joint capsule is incomplete-

anterior side is open

posterior and sides are enclosed by a thin joint capsule

Anterior is the patella and the

patellar

ligament

There are also a dozen

bursae

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Around the outside of the incomplete capsule are ligaments:

Fibular collateral ligaments

- lateral

f

rom lateral epicondyle of the femur to

head of fibula

Tibial

collateral ligaments

- medial

-from medial epicondyle of the femur to

medial

condyle

of tibia

Oblique popliteal ligament

- posterior

Arcuate

popliteal ligament

- posterior

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Ligaments inside the capsule- intracapsular

Cruciate ligaments

forms an X

within the notch between the condyles

They prevent anterior/posterior displacement

Anterior

Cruciate

Ligament

- anterior tibia to posterior medial side of lateral

condyle

of the femur

Posterior

Cruciate

Ligament

- posterior tibia to anterior lateral side of the medial

condyle

of the femur (stronger)

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Knee capsule is heavily reinforced by muscle and tendons:

Strong tendons of quadriceps,

semimembranous

tendon

Meniscus (semilunar

cartilage

) are attached at the ends of the tibia

Prevent side to side rocking

Absorb shock

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Knee Injury

The knee can absorb vertical impact

It is susceptible to side to side or twisting impact

Most likely to tear: in order

1) medial collateral ligament

2) medial meniscus

3) Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

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Joint Imbalances

Sprains

- ligaments are stretched or torn, they heal slowly, if torn they may need to be surgically repaired

Cartilage injuries-

damage to

articular

cartilage can be corrected by arthroscopic surgery

Dislocation

- bones are forced out of their normal location. Repeats are common because the joint and ligaments stretch

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Inflammation

Bursitis

- inflammation of a bursa caused by direct injury or friction

Tendonitis

- inflammation of a tendon sheath

Arthritis

- inflammatory or degenerative diseases that affects joints

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3 types of Arthritis

1. Osteoarthritis

- (OA) most common, degenerative joint disease, associated with aging , athletes

Breakdown of articular

cartilage

Exposed bone forms spurs and

resists

movements, stiffness on rising

Most common in hands, cervical vertebrae, lumbar, and weight bearing knees and hips

Bones

make cracking noises

Slow

irreversible course

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Autoimmune

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis-

(RA) Chronic inflammatory disorder,

autoimmune disease

- body attacks

its

own tissue

Affects fingers, wrist, ankles, feet, small joints

Begins with inflammation of synovial

joints

because of bacteria or

viruses,

attacks

cartilage It causes

swelling, stiffness, scar tissue, bent fingers

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Patient with RA

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Gout

3. Gouty Arthritis-

uric acid in the blood rise and crystals are deposited in the soft tissue of the joint

Causes acutely painful attacks (usually

in the big

toe)