June 2002 Heredity Passing of traits from parent to offspring Genes Gene segment of a chromosome that contains the heredity traits of an organism Genes Basic units of biological inheritance ID: 1047328
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1. GeneticsModified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum OfficeJune, 2002
2. HeredityPassing of traits from parent to offspring
3. GenesGene – segment of a chromosome that contains the heredity traits of an organism
4. GenesBasic units of biological inheritanceIn pairsContain information for making proteins
5. AlleleDifferent or alternative form of a geneOccupy the same place on homologous (similar) chromosomes
6. Gene ExpressionProcess of making DNA information available to the cellHighly regulated by segment of DNA called a promoter
7. Gene ExpressionCoding information is shared among segments known as exonsExons are separated from each other by introns
8. Gene ExpressionNumber of introns in a gene varies greatly.
9. SelectionChoosing parents of the next generationChosen parents have the desired traits
10. SelectionWhen reproduced, chosen traits tend to be present in offspring.
11. Natural SelectionWhen only the strongest animals or plant reproduce
12. SelectionHas allowed agriculturists to improve the quality of their livestock and crops.Offspring do not always have the traits but will more often than offspring of parents without the desired traits
13. Dominant and Recessive Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles.Recessive traits appears in an organism only when a dominant gene for that trait is not present.
14. HomozygousWhen both alleles for a trait are the sameIf both are recessive, trait is said to be homozygous recessive
15. HomozygousIf both are dominant, trait is said to be homozygous dominantRecessive traits are masked unless in a homozygous recessive pair
16. HeterozygousWhen the alleles for a trait are different, one dominant and one recessive
17. PhenotypeOutward, physical appearance of an organismProduct of genotype and environment in which the organism lives
18. GenotypeGenetic makeup of an organismNever observable as is phenotypeMay be expressed or latent
19. LatentCharacteristic is genetically present but is not expressed
20. PhenotypeProduct of genotype plus the effects of the environment
21. Molecular geneticsPrior to the 1970’s, genetics was evaluated based upon the physical expression of traits
22. Molecular geneticsMendelian or qualitative genetics – results based on qualities that individuals possessed.
23. Molecular geneticsQuantitative genetics, actual genetic code of every living individual can be mapped and evaluated
24. DNADeoxyribonucleic AcidCodes genetic information for all living things
25. DNASpiraling, double stranded Consists of a ribose sugar and a phosphate backbone on each side
26. DNAAt the core are two nucleotide basesFour nucleotides (bases) that DNA is composed of
27. DNANucleotide arrangement determined the genetic code for all beings
28. DNABasesAdenine - AGuanine - GThymine - TCytosine - C
29. BasesAlways pair the same wayA with TC with G
30. DNABases are held together with Hydrogen bonds
31.
32. Protein SynthesisProteins are responsible for cellular function and developmentEssential for all living things
33. Protein SynthesisDNA codes for manufacture of proteins
34. TranscriptionProcess of making an RNA that is complimentary to a strand of DNA
35. TranscriptionIn the cell nucleus, enzymes split the DNA molecule in half at the nucleotide bondsEach single strand is known as RNA
36. TranscriptionWhen this occurs, the base Thymine changes to UracilOne of these strands will code for protein synthesisKnown as mRNA messenger RNA
37. mRNACarries DNA information from the nucleus to the ribosomesWhen mRNA reaches the ribosomes, translation begins.
38. TranslationProcess of a cell beginning to build a protein (amino acid)Three base pair unit binds to a complimentary unit on the mRNA – tRNA
39. tRNATransfer RNAServes as the acceptor / bridge for amino acid production
40. tRNAFor every possible RNA three unit nucleotide combination, there is a corresponding amino acidLong chains of amino acids bind to them and become proteins.
41. DNA IsolationProcess of extracting and separating DNA from all other cell materials
42. DNA IsolationCell wall is broken openDone by grindingDigest cellular componentsHeating with a detergent
43. DNA IsolationSeparate polar compoundsDissolve lipids in the nuclear membranesExtract and precipitate the DNA
44. DNA IsolationRemove the top aqueous layer with a pipette and place into cold absolute alcoholDNA may be spooled or collected onto a glass stirring rod
45. PCRPolymerase Chain ReactionUsed controlled temperatures and enzyme taq polymerase to replicate pieces of DNA
46. PCRAllows scientists to make many copies from a few target DNA moleculesTaq polymerase is the DNA replication enzyme found in bacteria that live in hydropylilic vents in the ocean
47. PCRThermus aquaticusThese bacteria work at very high temperaturesTemperature is used to control PCR reactions
48. PCRThree step processPerformed in a machine called a thermocyclerMachine alters temperature at each step of process
49. PCRProcess is repeated many times
50. PCR ProcessSeparation 95 degrees CAnnhealing – cool to 35-58 C for primers to bind to complimentary DNA regions
51. PCR ProcessExtension – warm to 72 C for Taq polymerase to build a new DNA strand from primed regions
52. PCR1st cycle= 2 copies20th cycle= 1,048,576 copies
53. Gel ElectrophoresisProcess of using an electrical field in agar to separate DNA and RNA based upon size
54. ElectrophoresisFirst used with RNAProvides a sequence of DNA fragmentsSamples of DNA are loaded into a gel matrix
55. ElectrophoresisElectric current is appliedMolecular fragments separate as they are pushed through the gel
56. ElectrophoresisFluorescent dye is used to stain the DNA fragmentsElectrodes at each end of the gel create the current across the gel
57. ElectrophoresisSince DNA is negatively charged, it travels from the negative electrode toward the positive electrode
58. ElectrophoresisHeavier or larger DNA fragments move more slowly than smaller onesSmaller fragments will travel farther across the gel during the run
59. DNA ProfilingIdentifying an organism based on regions of DNA that vary greatly from one organism to another
60. DNA ProfilingUsed most widely today in identifying people who cannot identify themselvesMurder victims
61. DNA ProfilingKnown as DNA fingerprintingNo 2 individuals have identical DNA sequences except identical twins
62. DNA ProfilingMakes it possible to identify nearly every person on earth.