Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely Ayurveda Unani Siddha Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine COMPILED BY DR NISHA SHARMA ID: 927112
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UNIT IV: Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicineRole of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
COMPILED BY
DR NISHA SHARMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
C.S.J.M. UNIVERSITY
Slide2Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy Modern System or Allopathy Word Allopathy: derived from Greek word “Allos” which means “other “ “different” & “Pathy” means suffering or disease. Used by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (Father of Homeopathy)
This system was developed in the Western countries.
In this system drugs (tablets, capsules, injections, tonics etc.) are manufactured using synthetic chemicals and / or chemicals derived from natural products like plants, animals, minerals etc.
This system also uses modern equipment for diagnosis, analysis, surgery etc.
Medicines or drugs of this system is often
criticised
for its treatment of the symptoms rather than the cause of the disease, harmful side effects of certain drugs and for being out of poor people due to the high cost of drugs and treatment
Role of
Pharmacognosy
in
Allopathy
is that Natural products isolated from plants/animals/marine/mineral acts as the major source for Modern Medicine. Ex:
Taxol
from
Taxus
,
Digoxin
from digitalis, morphine and codeine from opium,
vincristine
from
vinca
.
Slide3Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda Ayurveda-Ancient Science of Life dated back to 5000 years in India. AYUR + VEDA= LIFE+ KNOWLEDGE OR SCIENCE It is described as science of life Ayurveda deals with the plant products, anatomy and physiology of human body, principles of treatment of diseases. Oldest Treatise of Ayurveda : Charak
Samhita
1900 BC – 341 plants
Shushruta
samhita
: 600BC: Surgery in
Ayurveda
, 395 plants, 57 of animal origin , 4 of mineral origin
It is based on hypothesis: Everything in universe is composed of 5 basic elements :
space, air, energy, liquid and solid
.
They Exist in the human body in combined forms like
vata
(space and air),
pitta
(energy and liquid) and
kapha
(liquid and solid).
Slide4Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda Vata, pitta and kapha together are called Tridosha (three pillars of life). Tridosha exist in human body in seven forms
called
Saptadhatu
viz. Rasa (lymph),
Rakta
(blood),
meda
(adipose tissue),
mamsa
(flesh),
majja
(
nervine
tissue),
Shukra
(reproductive tissue) and
asthi
(bones).
When
tridosha
,
saptadhatu
and mala are in balance with each other, it is called as healthy condition while imbalance causes a pathological condition.
It is
hypothesised
that the five characters of the medicinal herbs viz. rasa,
guna
,
virya
,
vipak
and
prabhava
can be applied to treat various pathological conditions.
Ayurvedic
pharmacy (
Bhaishajya-Vigyan
) proposes 5 basic dosage forms like
swaras
,
kalka
,
kwath
,
hima
and
phant
.
A number of other dosage forms like
churna
,
avaleha
,
ghrita
,
sandhana
kalpa
,
bhasma
are there. Most of them are
polyherbal
formulations.
Examples: Plants used in
Ayurveda
, some ex:
Rauwolfia
sepentina
, Asparagus
racemosus
, Cassia
angustifolia
,
Sesa
mum
indicum
,
Holarrhena
antidysenterica
,
Withania
,
somnifera
, Aconitum
napellus
, Piper
longum
, etc.
Slide5Role of Pharmacognosy in UNANIHistory of Unani system credited to Greek philosopher Hippocrates Aristotle Galen (384 - 322 BC) Greek - Philosopher "Father of natural history" made valuable contributionsFrom Greek it was carried to Persia (Iran), where it was improved by Arabian physicians. Based on two theories → the Hippocratic theory of four humours (blood, phelgm, yellow bile and black bile )
Pythagorian
theory of four proximate qualities (
states of living human body like hot, cold, moist and dry, represented as earth, water, fire and air
)
Arabian physicians added seven working principles (
Umur
-e-
Tabia
) and included elements, temperaments,
humours
, organs, life, spirit, energy and actions.
These principles are responsible for the body constitution and its health, as well as, the diseased conditions.
Slide6Role of Pharmacognosy in UNANIIt aims at treating the cause of disease and not its symptoms. Thorough history of patient is recorded in addition to his pulse, urine and stool examinations. The diseased condition may be due to the imbalance between humours The drugs used : polyherbal formulations Known as Arab medicine, Greco-Arab medicine, Loniah medicine, Islamic medicine and also Oriental medicine. Unani-medicines: Madar
,
fufal
,
Gilo
,
Kabab
chini
,
Karanj
,
Kulthi
,
Lodh
,
Qust
, Sana,
Tagar
,
Zeera
,
Siyah
.
Slide7Role of Pharmacognosy in SIDDHATerm 'Siddha' means achievement and 'Siddhars' were saintly personalities, who obtained expertise in medicine by practicing Bhakti and Yoga. It is a belief that Lord Shiva unfolded the knowledge of medicine to his wife Parvati which was then passed to Siddhars. System of pre-vedic
period identified with Dravidian culture and it is largely therapeutic in nature.
It is also based on three humors i.e.
vatta
,
pitta
and
kapha
& believes everything in universe is made up of 5 basic elements, earth, water, sky, fire and air.
The identification of diseases done through pulse reading, the
colour
of body, the study of voice, urine examination, the status of digestive system and the examination of tongue.
The literature of
Siddha
system is mostly in Tamil.
Examples of some natural drugs used:
Abini
(
Papaver
somniferum
),
Alari
(
Nerium
indicum
),
Ethi
(
Strychnos
Nux-vomica
),
Gomathai
(
Datura
stramonium
),
Haikalli
(
Euphoribia
nerifolia
),
Ratha
polam
(Aloe-
barbadensis
).
Slide8Role of Pharmacognosy in HOMEOPATHYDEVELOPED in 18th century: Sir Samuel Hahnemann, German physician & chemist. Theory based on that cause of disease itself can be used for its treatment. He putforth the Law of Similars which says that like cures like (Similae similibus curentur).
Cinchona produced the symptoms of malaria.
Compilation of all his observations called 'The
Organon
of Medicine.'
the choice of drug depends on symptoms and the clinical condition of the patient.
drug extracts are in very diluted condition, believed to cause
potentiation
and enhancement of curative effect.
The drugs extracted in mother tincture & further diluted in terms of decimal or centesimal potencies.
Slide9Role of Pharmacognosy in HOMEOPATHY VEGETABLE DRUGSANIMAL DRUGSMINERAL DRUGS
Belladonna
Honeybees
Calcium carbonate
Chamomile
Cantharis
Mercuric chloride
Marigold
Platinum
Colchicum
Aluminium
Arnica
Barium carbonate
Thuja
Sulphur
Lycopodium
Copper
Podophyllum
etc
etc
etc
Slide10Role of Pharmacognosy in CHINESEIt is also ancient dated back to Yellow Emperor's classic of Internal Medicine (Huang Di Nei Jing)-200 BC & 100 AD.based on the idea “all life is subject to natural laws”The hypothesis includes two “yin and yang” theory Says that everything in the universe consists of a dark (yin) and light side (yang).The five elements (i.e. water, metal, earth, fire and wood).They differ in diagnosis and treatment. The elements : 5 phases indicates process of continuous movement of life. These play a dynamic role in the Chinese system of medicine like in making groups of herbal tastes and parts of body.
Slide11Role of Pharmacognosy in CHINESEExample: shivering occurs due to excess of yin while excess of yang causes a fever. The treatment is done with herbs polyherbs. Ex. Ephedra sinica, Rheum palmatum, Carthamus tinctorius,
Clerodendron
trichotomum
,
Panax
ginseng etc
Spread to Japan and Korea called as
Kampoh