DEFINITION A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that causes damage ecological disruption loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra ordinary response from outside the affected community area Park 2009 ID: 1018907
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1. DISASTER MANAGEMENTBELLO C. B.
2. DEFINITIONA disaster can be defined as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra ordinary response from outside the affected community area (Park, 2009).A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community.
3. INTRODUCTIONEmergencies and disasters affect the health and well being of peopleIt causes the displacement of many people, and many are often killed or injured or subjected to greater risk of epidemics.Disaster also has a negative implication , cause harm to existing infrastructure and inhibit sustainable development.
4. EMERGENCYA state in which normal procedures are suspended and extra-ordinary measures are taken in order to avert a terrible occurrence
5. HAZARDA natural or human-made effect that threatens to adversely affects human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster.
6. VULNERABILITYThe predisposition to suffer damage due to external events
7. DISASTER CONTDDisaster can occur anywhere, and anytime, as community grows and resources become more limited, communities become increasingly vulnerable to hazards that causes disastersStatistics gathered all over the world show a rise in the number of people affected by disasters (Park, 2009)
8. EXAMPLES OF DISASTEREarthquake Severe Air pollutionFloods Land slidesTornadoesFires Draught/Famine Nuclear accidentsWarfare Cyclone Heat wavesVolcanic eruptions Tidal wavesBuilding collapseEpidemicsSnow storm Hurricane Typhoons Terrorism
9. DISASTER CONTDSome of these catastrophic events can be predicted several hours or days before hand, such as Cyclones or Floods, others such as Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions occur without warning.The relative number of injuries and deaths differ, depending on a number of factors such as Type of disasterTime of the day it strikesThe density and distribution of the populationCondition of the environmentDegree of the preparedness and opportunity of the warning.
10. CLASSIFICATION OF EFFECT OF DISASTER Morbidity which result from a disaster situation can be classified into fourInjuriesEmotional stressEpidemic of diseasesIncrease in indigenous diseases
11. SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF MAJOR DISASTERSDeathSevere injuries requesting extensive treatmentIncreased risk of communicable diseasesDamage to health facilitiesDamage to water systemsFood shortageMajor population movements
12. DISASTER MANAGEMENTThere are three fundamental aspect of disaster managementDisaster responseDisaster preparednessDisaster mitigation These three aspect of disaster management correspond to different phases in the so called disaster cycle as shown below
13. DISASTER CYCLE Risk reduction phase Before a disaster Response Preparedness ddd Mitigation RehabilitationReconstructionrRecovery phase after a disasterdDisaster impactDisaster impact
14. DISASTER RESPONSEThese are the set of activities implemented after the impact of a disaster in order to assess the needs reduce the suffering limit the spread and the consequences of the disaster open the way to rehabilitation
15. DISASTER RESPONSE CONTDMedical treatment is required for large number of casualties after certain type of disaster e.g Building collapse. As a result of the injuries sustained during the impact, emergency care is required in the first few hours
16. DISASTER RESPONSE CONTDDisaster response is discussed under the following subheadingsSearch recue & first aid TriageTagging Care of deadRelief phase
17. SEARCH RESCUE & FIRST AIDFollowing a major disaster, as a result of large casualties that are involved there is the need for search rescue and first aid.Most times, organized relief services are only able to meet a small fraction of the demand, hence, uninjured survivors are often compelled to offer immediate help/ assistance.
18. SEARCH RESCUE & FIRST AIDCasualties must be handled with care to prevent complications. Using all available transport system, all injured persons must be transported to the nearest health facilities.
19. SEARCH RESCUE & FIRST AIDProviding proper care to casualties must be the goal of the facility. All health service resources must be redirected to this new priority, bed must be made available while surgical services must be maximizedA centre should be established by the facility, to respond to inquiries from patient’s relatives and friends. Priority should be given to victims identification and adequate mortuary space should be provided.
20. TRIAGEThis is a medical treatment approach that is adopted when the quality and severity of injuries overwhelm the operative capacity of health facilities. The principle of “first come, first treated” is not followed in emergencies.Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severity of their injuries and the likelihood of their survival with prompt medical intervention.
21. TRIAGEHigher priority is given to victims whose immediate or long term prognosis can be dramatically affected by simple intensive care. Moribund patients, who require a great deal of attention with questionable benefit, have the lowest priority. Triage is the only approach that can provide maximum benefit to the greatest number of injured in a major disaster situation.
22. TRIAGE SYSTEMThere are different triage systems but the most common classification uses the internationally accepted four color code systemRed indicates high priority treatment or transferYellow indicate medium priorityGreen indicates ambulatory patientBlack indicates dead or moribund patient
23. TRIAGE CONTDTriage should be carried out at the site of the disaster in order to determine transportation priority Patient needs and priority of medical care will be reassessed on admission to the hospital or treatment centre.Person with minor injuries should be treated at home to reduce pressure of transporting them to central facilities. The seriously injured should be transported to hospital with specialized treatment facilities.
24. TAGGING All patient should be identified with tags stating their name, age, place of origin, triage, category, diagnosis and initial treatment.
25. CARE OF THE DEADCaring for the dead is an essential part of disaster management. Large number of dead bodies can impede the efficiency of the rescue activities at the site of disaster. Cares of the dead includesRemoval of the dead from the disaster sceneTransferring into the mortuaryIdentification
26. CARE OF THE DEAD CONTDReception of bereaved relatives, proper respect must be given to the dead. Health hazards with cadavers are minimal when death result from trauma. When human bodies contaminate streams, well or other water sources as in floods etc. they may transmit gastroenteritis or food poisoning to survivors.
27. RELIEF PHASEAssistance from outside or within is one of the immediate demands. The type and quality of humanitarian relief supply are determined by 2 factorsType of disaster Type and quality of supply available locally When a disaster occurs, the most critical aspect is health supply needed to treat the casualty to prevent spread of communicable diseases (food, shelter, clothing, sanitary, engineering equipment, construction materials).
28. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGING HUMANITARIAN SUPPLYThe four principles required in managing humanitarian supply areAcquisition of the supplyTransportation of the supplyStorage of the supplyDistribution of the supply
29. REHABILITATIONRehabilitation starts from the very moment of the disaster and continue until the population is stabilized.Emergency shelter in form of tents or emergency houses are necessary facilities. Adequate supply of safe water ( quality and quantity)Facilities for the disposal of waste.Facilities for recreation such as ludo, draft and Ayo this occupy time and prevent suicide, prostitution, depression etc.
30. REHABILITATION CONTDProvide facilities for disposal of waste and ensure personal hygiene Ensure adequate supply of safe food, ensure kitchen hygiene to prevent food-borne diseasesControl program for vector-borne diseases should be intensifiedMake provision for essential health service( sick bay).There must be proper arrangement for burial to prevent out break of diseases.
31. Epidemiological Surveillance and disease control in disaster managementAvoid overcrowding and poor sanitationPrevent mass population displacement which may lead to increase in communicable diseases.Avoid disruption and contamination of water supply as well as damages to sewage system and power supplyAvoid displacement of domestic and wild animals, who may carry zoonoses that can be transmitted to humans as well as other animals ( Leptospirosis, Anthrax)
32. Epidemiological Surveillance and disease control in disaster managementAvoid disruption of routine control programme as funds and personnel are actually diverted to relief workAvoid ecological changes which may favor breeding of vectors and increase the vector population density.Source of food should be well monitored as provision of emergency food, water and shelter in disaster situation from different or new source may itself be a source of infection.
33. Epidemiological Surveillance and disease control in disaster managementOrganize a reliable disease reporting system to identify outbreak and to promptly initiate control measures.Investigate all reports of disease outbreak rapidlyVaccination where applicableRehabilitation – This is the final phase in disaster management and this is restoring individuals to their pre-disaster conditions
34. DISASTER PREPAREDNESSDisaster preparedness is a programme of long term development activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country to manage efficiently all types of emergencyDisaster preparedness is a multi-sectoral activity, it is an integral part of a national system that is responsible for developing plans and programs for disaster management.
35. DISASTER PREPAREDNESSThe objective of disaster preparedness is to ensure that appropriate systems, procedures and resources are in place to provide prompt and effective assistance to disaster victims in order to reduce the impact.
36. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONTDIts the measures that ensure the organized mobilization ofPersonnelFunds Equipment and SuppliesWithin a safe environment for effective relief
37. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONTDThe community is a major focus in emergency preparedness because members of the community are the most to gain from an effective and appropriate emergency preparedness programThe community are those who first respond to an emergency especially in disaster that causes disruption of transport and communication systemResources are most easily pooled from the community
38. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONTDSustained development is the best achieved by allowing emergency affected communities to design, manage, and implement internal and external assistance program
39. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONTDThe context of emergency preparedness vary from country to country and from community to community. the following are the basic components of disaster preparedness
40. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONTDEvaluation of the risk of the country or particular region to disasterAdoption of standards and regulationsDevelop public education programOrganize communication, information, and warning systemsCo- ordinate information sessions with news media.
41. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CONTDEnsure co-ordination and response mechanismAdopt measures to make financial and other resources available for increased readiness and can be mobilized in disaster situationOrganize disaster simulation exercises that test response mechanisms
42. DISASTER MITIGATIONPermanent reduction of the risk of disasterReducing the PRESENCE of the Hazard Reducing VULNERABILITY
43. DISASTER MITIGATION CONTDMitigation involves measure designed either to prevent hazards from causing emergency or to lessen the likely effects of emergencyThe main aim of mitigation measures is to reduce the vulnerability of the system.Mitigation measures include the followingFlood mitigation worksAppropriate land – Use planning
44. DISASTER MITIGATION CONTDImproved building codeImproving the structural quality of houses, schools, and other public and private buildingsEnsuring the safety of health facilities and public health services including water supply and sewerage systems
45. NATIONAL AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DISASTER MANAGEMENTNEMA – National Emergency Management AgencySeveral NGO Fire servicePolice Red crossFederal Road Safety commission
46. INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH DISASTERU.N.D.R.O – United Nation Disaster Relief OrganizationW.C.C – World Council of ChurchesU.S.A.I.D – United State agency for international development.U.N.H.C.R – United Nation High Commission on RefugeeRed Cross Society( International commission of Red cross)U.N.I.C.E.F – United Nation International Children Emergency Fund
47. INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH DISASTERWHO- World Health OrganizationFAO- Food & Agriculture Organization OCHA- United Nations office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian AffairsWFP- World Food ProgrammeU.N.D.P – United Nation Development ProjectECHO- European Community Humanitarian Office World Bank
48. Nursing responsibilities to prepare for & respond to disaster.Participate in national/local pre-disaster planningCooperate in international programs in case of disasters in other countries.Assist communities in their action on environmental health problems.Work with community program to reduce harmful pollutants (chemical, biological or physical) in air, soil, water & food by industries or other human effort.
49. Improve nutritionEncourage family planningAssess environmental factors and pursue activities for the elimination or reduction of hazards.Educate the general public and all levels of nursing personnel in environmental and other health hazards especially those related to unacceptable levels of contaminationParticipate in research involve in discovering ways and means of improving living and working conditions
50. REFERENCESBasavanthapa, B. T., Community Health Nursing (2nd edition). Jaypee brothers medical publishers , New DelhiPark, K. (18th ediition) Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, India.Olise, P. (2012) Primary Health Care for Sustainable Development. Ozege Publications Abuja
51. THANKS FOR LISTENING