Principles Accounting Constraints Concepts Assumptions and Principles GAAP PowerPoint 3 Hierarchy of Qualitative Information CostBenefit Materiality wwwfasborg Discussed in PPT 2 ID: 778570
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Slide1
1.01 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles – Accounting Constraints, Concepts, Assumptions, and Principles
GAAP PowerPoint
#3
Slide2Hierarchy of Qualitative Information
Cost/Benefit
Materiality
www.fasb.org
Discussed in PPT #2
Slide3A constraint is a limit, regulation, or confinement within prescribed bounds.This term refers to the accounting guidelines that border the Hierarchy of Qualitative InformationThey consist of:Cost Effectiveness
Materiality
Conservatism
Constraints
Slide4Also called Cost Benefit ConstraintThe cost of providing accounting information should not exceed the benefit of the information it is reporting.Example: A company purchases pencils and pens to use in its business. Rather than inventory these items, they are included as supplies and are expensed periodically because of the minor cost of the items.
Cost Effectiveness Constraint
Slide5Material means big enough to make a difference in the user’s decision-making process.States that the requirements of any accounting principle may be ignored when there is no effect on the decisions of the user of financial information.Example:
A company purchases a Trashcan for $10. Per GAAP, this amount should be capitalized as an asset and depreciated. Because the amount is immaterial, the $10 can be recorded as an expense.
Materiality Constraint
Slide6Accountants use their judgment to record transactions that require estimation.Conservatism helps the accountant choose between 2 equally likely alternatives.Requires the accountant to record the transaction using the less optimistic choice
.
Example:
There is the potential for a customer to sue the company. Although, the customer may choose not to sue, the accountant will disclose this potential lawsuit to investors.
Conservatism Constraint
Slide7Concepts are the ground rules of accounting that should be followed when preparing financial statements.These are:Recognition Concept
Measurement Concept
Concepts
Slide8States that an item should be recognized (recorded) in the financial statements when:It can be defined by GAAP assumptions and principlesIt can be measuredIt is relevant to decision-making by users
It is reliable
Recognition Concept
Slide9States that every transaction is measured by the stated unit of measurement, such as the dollarThe stated procedure of valuing assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses as defined by GAAP
Measurement Concept
Slide10Assumptions are agreed upon rules of accounting, and are basic, understood beliefs. There are Four Basic Assumptions of Accounting:Economic Business EntityGoing Concern
Monetary Unit
Time Period
Assumptions
Slide11All of the business transactions should be separate from the business owner’s personal transactionsThere should be no co-mingling of personal funds with business funds.
Economic Business Entity Assumption
Slide12Financial statements are prepared under the assumption that the company will remain in business indefinitely unless there is sufficient evidence otherwise.If there is evidence that a company may possibly have a going concern issue, this must be disclosed in the financial statements.
Going Concern Assumption
Slide13Assumes a stable currency is going to be the unit of record.FASB accepts the nominal value of the US Dollar as the monetary unit of record unadjusted for inflation.
Monetary Unit Assumption
Slide14The entity’s activities are separated into periods of time such as months, quarters or years.Transactions must be accounted for within the time period they occur regardless of when cash is exchanged.
Time Period Assumption
Slide15Principles are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements.Principles dictate how events should be recorded and reported.
Principles of Accounting
Slide16Assets are recorded at historical cost, not fair market value.For example, if a company purchases a building for $500,000 it should be recorded as such, and should remain on the books for that amount until disposed of.If the building appreciates to $700,000 in the next few years, no adjustment should be made.
Cost Principle
Slide17All information pertaining to the operations and financial position of the entity must be reported within the period of time in question.Circumstances and events that make a difference to financial statement users should be disclosed.
Full Disclosure Principle
Slide18Revenue is earned and recognized upon product delivery or service completion, without regard to when cash is actually received. Also called accrual basis accountingExample: A customer purchases inventory from a company on credit. Even though no cash has yet been received, the sale is recorded.
Revenue Recognition Principle
Slide19The costs of doing business are recorded in the same period as the revenue they help generate, regardless of when the money is actually paid.Also called accrual basis accountingExample: A company orders merchandise on credit and has 30 days in which to pay. This purchase is recorded immediately, even though no cash has been paid.
Matching Principle
Slide20Explain what is meant by “The benefits of accounting information must exceed the costs.” What is meant by the term
materiality
in financial reporting
?What is meant by the term conservatism in financial reporting?
Explain the Going Concern assumption.Explain the Time Period assumption.Explain the accounting principles that guide accounting
practice.Questions for Understanding/Discussion