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J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 20047197. Types . of Mutations | . Effects . of . Mutations. Learning Objectives. Identify different changes to DNA within both genes and chromosomes. Evaluate effects of changes to DNA on proteins produced and organisms’ overall survival. Mutations. Hollywood’s images of . mutation. Mutations. Actual Mutations . in fruit flies. What is a mutation?. A mutation is any change in a cell’s DNA. A mutation can occur in an individual gene. Nikos. . Kyrpides. Genome . Biology . Program (GBP). DOE Joint Genome institute. IMG. Genes. Genomes. Functions. Metadata. Clusters. SNPs. Proteomics. Regulons. Transcriptomes. IMG Systems Data Types. Karyotype. Human Chromosomes. Humans have . 46 . chromosomes arranged in . 23. pairs. Two . sex chromosomes. - determine an individual’s sex. Females . have two copies of the large X chromosome. Males have one X and a smaller Y chromosome. 12.1 Chromosomal Inheritance . 1. Genes are located on chromosomes; this is called the . chromosome theory of inheritance. .. 12.1 Chromosomal Inheritance. Chromosomes can be categorized as two types:. 1. A. Background. . 1. Genetics. . 1860’s—. Mendel. . proposed that discrete . inherited . factors . segregate . and assort . independently . during gamete . formation. . 2. Cytology. . Chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes. Gene. Exon. Introns . Locus (loci). Alleles. Heterozygous alleles. Homozygous alleles. Genetic . Pathology. Genetic . pathology deals with the diseases that have genetic origin. It is estimated that . Asst. Prof. Dr. . Dalya. Basil Hanna . In this lecture…... Mutation:. Gene (point) Mutation. Chromosomal Mutation. Gene Mutation . A gene mutation occurs when the nucleotide sequence of the DNA is altered and a new sequence is passed on to the offspring. The change may be either a substitution of one or a few nucleotides for others or an insertion or deletion of one or a few pairs of nucleotides. What if it’s NOT just the number?. Gene Mutations. Damaged Chromosomes . –. sometimes a portion of a gene or chromosome is lost or damaged during meiosis. Gene mutation. – a mutation that affects the gene. Office of Pesticide Programs . USEPA. Data Evaluation of Genetic . Toxicity. Background information. Sources of genotoxicity data. Genotoxicity data for glyphosate. Gene mutation . Chromosomal abnormality (. Typically occur during meiosis (gamete formation) but can also occur during mitosis. Can lead to cancer some cases. We will look at: Translocation, Deletion, Duplication and Inversion. Few harmful gene mutations are passed on to the next generation because the zygote usually dies. If it lives, the offspring may have birth defects.. Department of Zoology. Govt. P.G. College for Women, Gandhinagar, Jammu. . Structural Chromosomal Aberrations. Chromosomal. . aberrations. . are. . substantial changes. . in. . chromosome. . structure and number. mutation. Mutations. Actual Mutations . in fruit flies. What is a mutation?. A mutation is any change in a cell’s DNA. A mutation can occur in an individual gene. - results in a single changed protein. mutation. Mutations. Ectrodactyly. Progeria. Hypertrichosis. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID). Sickle Cell Anemia. Heterochromia. iridium. What is a mutation?. @A . mutation is any change in a cell’s .