Morphometric Analysis of the Palpebral Fissure and Canthal Distance in - PDF document

Morphometric Analysis of the Palpebral Fissure and Canthal Distance in Serbian Young AdultsAn‡lisis MorfomŽtrico de la Fisura Palpebral y la Distancia Cantal en Adultos J—venes Serbios; Isaretovic Vladimir; Adjic IvanISARETOVIC, V; ADJIC, I.; BABIC, N.; MARIC, D. & STOJSIC-DZUNJA, L. Morphometric analysis of theSUMMARY: Frontaly and anteriorly the orbit is closed by a skin-muscular closure of eyelids. The eyelids limit thepalpebral fissure, which is subject to geographical, racial, and age variations. As a part of the face, eyelids and palpebral fprocesses. The aim of the study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the palpebral fissure in a young population withoutpathological conditions and syndromes. The study was conducted on 90 subjects (45 male and 45 female) aged 19.281.48v software. Statistical analysis of the data was performed in Windows Excel. The measurements in the study were the distancfissure width and palpebral fissure height at three points. The average height of the palpebral fissure to the right is 9.351.56 mm. The average width of the palpebral fissure on the right is 27.051.68 mm. It was found that there was some difference in the measured parameters, however, this difference was notKEY WORDS: Morphometry; Palpebral fissure; Canthal distance.outer or lateral canthus (Preechawai, 2011; Standring,2016). This fissure is positioned in a way that the longeraxis is in horizontal position and the shorter axis is in ver-., 2007). Yu ethnicity, age and sex, which is confirmed by manyreference in the index population (Vasanthakumar 2012; Yu .). Also, an important factor in thedifferences between the right and left sides of the humanface, which are often present. Asymmetry is present when., 2011; Vasanthakumar clinical specialities including ophtalmology, reconstructivesurgery and traumatology, where it plays a part in thefacial muscle palsy or tumors in the orbiral cavity (Vezel University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Serbia. Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Serbia. MATERIAL AND METHODexcluded from the study, but individuals with refractiveroom. Image size was 1500 pixels (heig

ht) by 1125 pixels(width) sorted in JPEG format. A software program formorphometric measurement, ImageJ 1.48v, was used fordistance between upper and the lower eyelid margin in thethe lower eyelid margin tangential to the medial of iris'margin tangential to the lateral of iris' edge (HL). In theThe Windows Excel program was used forwas given for the study.RESULTSpopulation of Serbian young adults are presented in Tablesthe lower eyelid margin in the mid-pupillary plane (HMP), distancebetween upper and the lower eyelid margin tangential to the medialmargin tangential to the lateral of iris' edge (HL). AllMaleFemaleIPD60.483.3960.283.3260.773.58DMC31.232.8231.282.9531.142.67DLC84.974.4485.104.4884.764.99Canthal index36.742.5036.772.5736.692.44Table I. Results of the periocular measured parameters in examinedHMP - distance between upper and the lower eyelid margin in the mid-pupillary plane; HM -distance between upper and the lower emargin tangential to the medial of iris' edge; HL - distance between upper and the lower eyelid margin tangential to the lateraISARETOVIC, V.; ADJIC, I.; BABIC, N.; MARIC, D. & STOJSIC-DZUNJA, L.Table II. Results of the intaocular measured parameters in examined population (in mm). All SexRight sideLeft sidepMaleFemalepHMP9.35±1.559.41±1.560.159.43±1.419.14±1.590.16HM7.40±1.617.12±1.350.017.34±1.307.02±1.620.13HL7.68±1.687.87±1.820.087.74±1.637.51±1.720.24DLMC27.05±1.7127.18±1.680.1927.19±1.7526.90±1.540.18Height-length ratio34.78±5.0834.76±4.860.8736.01±4,8733.82±5.130,02 syndromes and facial abnormalities and in the surgicaltreatment. Also, this region of the face shows variationswere evalueted (Table I - III) and the data was compared withother racial and ethnic groups (Table IV and V). MaleFemaleRight sideLeft sidepRight sideLeft sidepHMP9.40±1.379.48±1.460.129.27±1.829.31±1.730.37HM7.49±1.367.19±1.180.017.28±1.967.02±1.600.12HL7.73±1.537.96±1.790.117.61±1.947.73±1.910.26DLMC27.04±1.6427.12±1.840.1827.06±1.8527.14±1.460.39Height-length ratio35.55±5.1835.37±4.920.6733.69±4.7833.64±4.600.68HMP - distance between upper and the lower eyelid margin in the mid-pupillary plane; HM -distance between upper and thelower eyelid margin tangential to the

medial of iris' edge; HL - distance between upper and the lower eyelid margin tangential DLCDMCIPDAuthorsYearNumberPopulationMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale-30,Farkas et al.2005Female-30Egypt8986.331.830.9--Male-30 , Farkas et al.2005Female-30Japan103.993.338.8535.72--Male-51 , Preechawai2011Female-50Thailand88.185.830.932.661.359.5Male-100 , Vasanthakumar et al.2013Female-100South India95.5592.4434.2733.4166.7262.59Male-45 , Present study2020Female-45Serbia85.1084.7631.2831.1460.2860.77 HMPDLMCAuthorsYearNumberPopulationMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMale-34,Barretto & Mathog1999Female-33Bleck9.841.6110.561.5832.342.3131.46Male-31 , Barretto & Mathog1999Female-28White10.251.2110.651.2129.512.1929.40Husein et al.2010Female-102Indian American-9.201.90-30.60Husein et al.2010Female-200American White-10.901.20-30.70Male-100 , Vasanthakumar et al.2013Female-100South India11.301.6611.581.6531.081.7929.90Male-85,Yu et al.2019Female-65China8.41.69.71.523.92.129.1Male-40,Yu et al.2019Female-30Indian in Singapour10.01.611.21.123.21.727.4Male-45,Present study2020Female-45Serbia9.431.419.141.5927.191.7526.90HMP - distance between upper and the lower eyelid margin in the mid-pupillary plane; DLMC - distance between medial and lateralTable V. Comparation of the palpebral fissure parameters of various population (in mm).Table IV. Comparison of distance between both lateral canthi (AngL), distance between both medial canthi (AngM) and interpupillISARETOVIC, V.; ADJIC, I.; BABIC, N.; MARIC, D. & STOJSIC-DZUNJA, L.Table III. Results of the intaocular measured parameters between males and females (in mm). Sexual differences develop around puberty due toincreased testosterone concentration in males (Verdonck mass, facial hair, bone and soft tissue growth (Folstad &Karter, 1992). Weston trajectories of males and females diverge at puberty forthose for female (Table IV). Also, medial canthal distancewith a significant sex difference was observed on average.females however, studies in Thailand reported slightly lowerfor decades in anthropology, plastic surgery and forensicmedicine. Gifford (1928) has morphologically analyzed thepalpebral fissure on images of an Asian population. Hedescribed the so-called Asian eyelid as an illusion createdfissure. However, he did

not perform morphometric analysisin his study. Later, many authors analyzed the palpebralfissure with different methodology in various populationsand pointed to morphometric differences (Table V). Its cau-environmental factors. Studies in India reported greaterdistances between the upper and the lower eyelid margin inin studies in America and Serbia. The Population in SouthThe variation in results from the different studies maybe due to non-uniform methodology and techniques. Theanthropological morphometry. This method is simple,disturbances, perfect bilateral symmetry is rarely found(Lindauer, 1998). Facial asymmetry which includesrepresent an abnormality (Kowner, 1996). Fluctuatingand is often believed to reflect development stability, healthfacial anthropometry, Soler symmetry is positively correlated with attractiveness. The(Geschwind & Galaburda, 1985). This process terminatesdifference in migration commencement timing is likely toof the face. In the present study some differences were foundof the subjects however, this difference was not statisticallysignificant (Table II and Table III).In this study, we measured values for variouspopulation of Serbian young adults. The canthal distancewas present in males. Also, morphometric parameters ofpalpebral fissure do not show statistically. The distancebetween the upper and the lower eyelid margin tangential tothe medial margin of iris edge in males was statisticallystudies, the measured paramethers showed differencies basedon sex, race and ethnicity.KNEZI, N.; ISARETOVIC, V.; ADJIC, I.; BABIC, N.; MARIC,D. & STOJSIC-DZUNJA, L. An‡lisis morfomŽtrico de la fisura ISARETOVIC, V.; ADJIC, I.; BABIC, N.; MARIC, D. & STOJSIC-DZUNJA, L. 0,69 a–os. Los1.48v. El an‡lisis estad’stico de los datos se realiz— en Windows 1,55 mm y a la izquierda fue 1,56 mm. El ancho promedio de la fisura palpebral a la 1,71 mm y a la izquierda era 27,18 1,68 mm.embargo, esta diferencia no fue estad’sticamente significativa.PALABRAS CLAVE: Morfometr’a; Fisura palpebral;Coombes, A. G.; Sethi, C. S.; Kirkpatrick, W. N.; Waterhouse, N.; Kelly,M. H. & Joshi, N. A standardized digital photography system withPlast. Reconstr. Surg.,Farkas, G. L.; Katic, M. J.; Forrest, C. R.; Alt

, K. W.; Bagic, I.; Baltadjiev,J. Craniofac. Surg., 16(4)Folstad, I. & Karter, A. J. Parasites, bright males, and immunocompetenceGeschwind, N. & Galaburda, A. M. Cerebral lateralization. Biologicalmechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and aArch. Neurol., 42(5)Gifford, H. The "Mongolian eye". Am. J. Ophthalmol., 11(11)Hall, J.; Allanson, J. E.; Gripp, K. & Slavotinek A. Physical Measurements.Husein, O. F.; Sepehr, A.; Garg, R.; Sina-Khadiv. M.; Gattu, S.; Waltzman,J.; Wu, E. C.; Shieh, M.; Heitmann, G. M. & Galle, S. E.Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian AmericanJ. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 63(11)Jaja, B. N. R., Fawehinmi, H. B. & Jack, J. T. Craniofacial anthropometry:914-7, 2011.Kowner, R. Facial asymmetry and attractiveness judgment inJ. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform.,Lindauer, S. J. Asymmetries: diagnosis and treatment. Miot, H. A.; Parr dos Santos Fernandes, L.; Jorge, E. N.; Pivotto, D. R.;evaluation of oculometric variables in GravesÕ ophthalmopathy.Preechawai, P. Anthropometry of eyelid and orbit in four southernJ. Med. Assoc. Thai., 94(2):193-9, 2011.Simmons, L. W.; Rhodes, G.; Peters, M. & Koehler, N. Are humanBehav. Ecol., 15(5)Soler, C.; KekŠlŠinen, J.; Nœ–ez, M.; Sancho, M.; Nœ–ez, J.; Yaber, I. &Perception, 41(10)Song, W. C.; Kim, S. J.; Kim, S. H.; Hu, K. S.; Kim, H. J. & Koh, K. S.J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 60(3)GrayÕs Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice ed. New York, Elsevier, 2016.Vasanthakumar, P.; Kumar, P. & Rao, K. G. M. Photogrammetric analysisIndian ethnic adults by gender. N. Am. J. Med. Sci., 4(10)Vasanthakumar, P.; Kumar, P. & Rao, M. Anthropometric analysis ofVerdonck, A.; Gaethofs, M.; Carels. C. & de Zegher, F. Effect of low-delayed puberty. Eur. J. Orthod., 21(2)Vezel, F. G.; Clark, R. A. & Demer, J. L. Facial asymmetry in superioroblique muscle palsy and pilley heterotopy. J. AAPOS, 4(4)Weston, E. M.; Friday, A. E. & Li˜, P. Biometric evidence that sexualYu, P.; Nathan, P. & Meng, C. S. Periocular anthropometry of normalChinese and Indian populations in Singapore. Teaching Assistant, PhD studentDepartment of AnatomyHajduk Veljka 3 ISARETOVIC, V.; ADJIC, I.; BABIC, N.; MARIC, D. & STOJSIC-DZUNJA,