i mportance of demographic indicators for gender analysis Workshop Title Location and Date Session outline What is demography Demography and gender Data sources Sex ratio at birth Fertility rates ID: 912702
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Slide1
Measuring the population:importance of demographic indicators for gender analysis
Workshop Title
Location and Date
Slide2Session outline
What is demography?
Demography and gender
Data sources
Sex ratio at birth
Fertility rates
Group activity: comparing fertility and mortality
Slide3What is demography?A field
of statistics that involves the study of human
populations
Structure and change (dynamics) of populations
B
irths
, deaths and
migration
Demographers produce indicators like:
Fertility rates
Life expectancy
Migration rates
Population growth estimates
Slide4Demography and genderFundamental
to monitoring gender relations
How many women are there compared to
men?
Are many more boys born than girls
?
Size and composition of households
Age at first marriage (early marriage?) and first child
Number of children per woman
Single-headed households
Rural-urban migration by women and men
Slide5Main data sourcesPopulation and housing censuses
Demographic and health surveys
Civil registration systems (births, deaths, marriages)
Population registers
Slide6What is the sex ratio?
Female
Male
Sex ratio
European Union-28
259,339,081
247,291,379
95
Armenia
1,573,567
1,450,560 92Azerbaijan4,679,645 4,616,138 99Georgia2,349,394 2,141,304 91Kazakhstan8,691,313 8,100,112 93Kyrgyzstan2,837,242 2,770,269 98Moldova, Republic of1,847,483 1,712,035 93Russian Federation76,936,816 66,264,905 86Tajikistan3,909,796 3,987,516 102Ukraine24,443,259 20,969,728 86
Guide:100 = same number males as femalesLess than 100 = more femalesMore than 100 = more males
Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and UNICEF
TransMONEE
) official sources.
Slide7Sex ratios, Russian Federation, 2012
Sex ratio
Females
Males
Sex ratio
Sex ratio of total population
76,936,816
66,264,905
86
Sex ratio at birth (2011)
872,825
923,804106Sex ratio for elderly (age 65+)12,609,5775,804,546217Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and UNICEF TransMONEE) official sources.
Slide8Sex ratio at birth
There are 104-106 boys born for every 100 girls
Standard biological level
Source: United Nations Population Fund. 2012. Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications.
Slide9Son preference: identifying the problem
Sex ratio at birth exceeds 110
Factors impacting prenatal sex selection:
Preference for sons
Availability of prenatal detection technology and abortion
Lower fertility rates
Slide10Source: United Nations Population Fund. 2012. Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications.
Slide11Fertility ratesLow, moderate and high fertility countries
Consequences of fertility
Structure of population
Demand for services
Economic production
Burden of care in the home
Environmental impacts
Slide12How to interpret the total fertility rate (TFR)
Key factor influencing population growth/decline
Replacement level fertility: TFR of 2.1 children per woman
Total
fertility rate
Discussion
TFR of 2.0 or lower
Low fertility
Becoming
the norm for many countries
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine are all classified as low fertility countries
Population ageing presents a challengeTFR of 2.1 – 3.1Moderate fertilityTFR of 3.2 or higherHigh fertilityRates highest in Eastern, Middle and Western AfricaIn the EECCA region, Tajikistan is the only high fertility country
Slide13Global trends
Fertility has declined significantly since 1994
High fertility a characteristic of least developed countries
Low fertility is becoming more widespread
Age pattern of childbearing a key factor
Early marriage and adolescent fertility
Decline in childbearing among older women
Changes in government policies
Low fertility: incentives to raise fertility; family friendly
High fertility: education; family planning advice and contraception
Slide14Gender analysis: consequences
Low fertility
Aging population – caring for the elderly
Pressure to produce sons
High fertility
Health risks for mother and child
Limits paid work opportunities; increases unpaid work
Lower status of women
Slide15Slide16Group activity
Which country has the highest fertility rate in 2010?
Which has the highest infant mortality rate in 2010?
Which
has the highest under five mortality rate in 2010?
Which
country has achieved the fastest lowering of the under-five mortality rate between 1990 and 2013?
How
has Armenia’s fertility and child mortality rates changed over the last 110 years (1900-2010)?
Slide17Group activity
Which country has the highest fertility rate in 2010?
Tajikistan
with 3.78 children per
woman
Which has the highest infant mortality rate in
2010?
Tajikistan
with 52.1 deaths per 1,000 live
births
Which has the highest under five mortality rate in 2010?
Turkmenistan with 61.0 deaths per 1,000 live birthsWhich country has achieved the fastest lowering of the under-five mortality rate between 1990 and 2013?Tajikistan’s rate has dropped by 60.5 and Azerbaijan’s by 60.3How has Armenia’s fertility and child mortality rates changed over the last 110 years (1900-2010)?The TFR was the highest among these countries in 1900 (8.1) and it is now one of the lowest (1.6 in 2010IMR is now one of the lowest in the region (14.7 in 2012))
Slide18Discussion
W
hat
impacts on fertility and child
survival?
Slide19