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Pre-Historic Migration Out of Africa: The Peopling of the World Pre-Historic Migration Out of Africa: The Peopling of the World

Pre-Historic Migration Out of Africa: The Peopling of the World - PowerPoint Presentation

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Pre-Historic Migration Out of Africa: The Peopling of the World - PPT Presentation

c 2 million BCE To 15000 BCE Unit 1 8000 BCE to 600 BCE Out of Africa Humans Spread Across Globe Hominids Arose in Africa 12 million years ago Migrated throughout Eurasia ID: 830235

africa slave trade slaves slave africa slaves trade african migration arab million banu states population labor 000 settled slavery

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Slide1

Pre-Historic MigrationOut of Africa: The Peopling of the World

c. 2 million BCE

To 15,000 BCE

Slide2

Unit 1 – 8000 BCE to 600 BCE – Out of Africa

Slide3

Humans Spread Across GlobeHominidsArose in Africa 1-2 million years agoMigrated throughout EurasiaHomo-SapiensAs a species arose c. 300,000 years agoArose in East Africa, The Horn of AfricaHunter-Gatherer Society

Nomads followed game, gathered seeds

Conduits across Strait of Gibraltar, Sinai

Southwest Asia reached c. 70,000 BCE

East Asia reached c. 60,000 BCE

Australia reached c. 50,000 BCEEurope reached c. 40,000 BCENorth America reached c. 20,000 BCESouth America reached c. 15,000 to c. 12,000 BCEAll Pacific Islands not reached until c. 1000 CEProofWe use DNA, genetic drift, chromosomes, archaeology as proofWe look at languages and linguistics

Slide4

Out of Africa Migration

Slide5

Out of Africa Migration

Slide6

Migration of Homo Sapiens

Slide7

Human Fossil Record

Slide8

Unit 2 – 600 BCE to 600 CE – Hellenistic, Romans, Bantus, Early Polynesia

Slide9

The Hellenistic WorldAlexander’s WorldHe founds Greek cities as his armies advanceGreek administrators, soldiers, merchants migrate in wakeGreek ruled states arose within his failed empireSuccessor Hellenistic Monarchies

Greek cities throughout their states

Greek predominate language of area

Greeks formed elite settler society

Slide10

From Etruscans to RomansThe EtruscansElite aristocracy migrated from Asia MinorEstablished city-states thoughout TuscanyEtruscan colonies on Corsica, Sardinia, Po Valley, CampanaRoman Republic to Roman Empire753 – 509 BCE: Etruscan Kingdom – Rome founded as Etruscan colony

Roman patricians overthrow Etruscans, establish republic, expand

Rome expanded to control Latium, other Latin tribes, later Italy

Extended Roman rights to many conquered peoples

“Coloniae civium Romanorum”

Settled Roman with full rights, citizenship; acted as governors of territoriesTended to be small with 300 Roman familiesLatin ColoniesSettlements of Romans, Latin allies in colonies with partial rightsMilitary colonies designed to control, maintain empireAfter 133 BCE

New Roman colonies are transplantations of poor, landless Roman population

Settled as agricultural colonies to give poor, ex-farmers new land

Often settled in territories outside of Italy

Imperial colonies

Tradition started by Julius Caesar and continued by later emperors

Legionnaires paid off upon retirement by establishing colonies in empire

Slide11

Roman ColoniaFirst Roman Colonies

Colonia spread Latin culture, language and were usually located at critical geographic sites that later became major cities.

Slide12

The Vandal MigrationThe Volkerwanderung 400 CEEntered Roman territoryMany embraced ChristianityFew were Roman CatholicsMost followed Arian Christianity

Crossed into Gaul

Battled the Franks, forced Vandals to move into Iberia

Crossed into region as Roman

feoderati

Settled Galicia, Western, Southern areasInto AfricaCrossed Strait of Gibraltar to use it as a base439 CE conquered Carthage, made it capitalSettled area around modern Tunis, Eastern AlgeriaConquered Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica; sacked Rome 455

Created a powerful state

Later State

Suffered conflicts between Catholics, Arians

Byzantines invaded, conquered area in 534

Slide13

Mapping Vandal Movement

Slide14

THE BANTU MIGRATIONSOut of Nigeria, Movement in the South

Slide15

EARLY MOVEMENT IN AFRICA

Slide16

The Early BantusThe Bantu peoples Originated in the region around modern Nigeria/Cameroon Influenced by Nok iron making, herding, agriculturePopulation pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE – 700 BCE Two major movements: to south and to east and then south Languages split into about 500 distinct but related tongues

Bantu agriculture and herding

Early Bantu relied on agriculture – slash-burn, shifting

Pastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture, cattle

Iron metallurgy

Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. Iron made agriculture more productiveExpanded divisions of labor, specialization in societies Population Pressures Iron technologies produced population upsurge

Large populations forced migration of Bantu

Slide17

MAPPING THE BANTU MIGRATIONS

Slide18

Movement Spreads Other ItemsThe Bantu Migration Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000 B.C.E.Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest coasts Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct but related tongues

Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa by 1000 C.E.

Split into groups as they migrated: Eastern, Central, Southern

Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they moved

Bananas

Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached AfricaSettled in Madagascar, visited East African coastBrought with them pigs, taro, and banana cultivation

Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500 C.E.

Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from Malagasy

Bananas caused second population spurt, migration surge

Reached South Africa in 16

th

century CE

Slide19

Unit 3 – 600 to 1450 – Muslims, Mongols, Vikings

Slide20

The Migration of the Arabs640 – 1500 CE

Slide21

What is an Arab?The Problem“Arab” is an ambiguous, confusing termUsually means a speaker of ArabicThis is a recent historical development The Arabs are SemitesHistorical Semites include sedentary, nomadic peoples

Phoenicians, Hyksos, Arameans, Edomites, Moabites, Canaanites

Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians

Related to the Hamites of Egypt, Yemen, Ethiopia

Originally the Bedouin tribes of Arabia, Yemen

Who is an “Arab”?Genealogical (Genes, DNA)The smallest of group within ArabsDescendents of the Bedouin tribes of Arabian and Syrian DesertsIbn Khaldun defined this group as solely those tracing origin to these Bedouin tribes Linguistic

A speaker whose first language is Arabic

A very large group due to Islam, c. 250 million people

May be a linguistic Arab without being a genealogical Arab

Political and Cultural

Islam furthered the spread of Arabic to genealogical non-Arabs

A cosmopolitan culture originally created by the Arab Empire

Is both the ethnic culture of the Arabs and those citizens of a state which speaks Arabic

Many genealogical non-Arabs are culturally Arabs

Many reject being called Arabs unless they also speak Arabic

Slide22

Early HistoryArabs and the Arabic LanguagePre-date the CE developments of IslamOriginated in the Arabian PeninsulaThe BedouinDesert dwelling nomadic organized by tribesDwelt in Hejaz and the interior of Arabia

Many Bedouin had settled in towns and become semi-urbanized

Towns in Yathrib (Medina) and Mecca

The Nabateans

Nomadic migrants to Levant who became urbanized

Originally spoke Aramaic but switched to ArabicNabatean alphabet adopted by Southern Arabs and pre-Classic ArabicArabia Petrapolis was an flowering of an early commercial Arabic cultureSpread in Southwest Asia beginning c. 200 CEJewish Arabs Arabs who had become Jews by conversion or conquest

Edomites and The Idumaean Dynasty of Judah

King Herod is the prime example

Many Arabs in Levant had become strongly Hellenized

Arab Christians Ghassanids, Lakhmids, Banu Judham

Settled Levant (Modern Jordan, Southern Israel, Sinai) and Northern Arabian Desert

Ghassanids settled Syrian Desert as clients of the Roman Empire

Lakhmids settled desert opposite Mesopotamia as clients of the Sassanid Empire

Kindites, Himyarites of Yemen ruled northern, central Arabia and the Persian Gulf coast

Zenobia of Palmyra was in all likelihood related to the Arabs

Religiously heavily influenced by Monophysite and Nestorian Christianity

Slide23

The Tribal Map of Arabia

Slide24

Early ConquestsMuhammad and Islam unites the Arab TribesMuslims must read the Quran in ArabicAll Muslims pray in ArabicLevant and IragArabs flooded into as part of early conquests of Islam661 CE: Ummayad Caliphs move capital to Damascus

Arabs compromise ruling military elite

Established garrison towns

Ramla, ar-Raggah, Basra, Kufa, Mosul, Samarra

All eventually became major non-military cities

Enjoyed special privilegesProud of Arab ancestry, sponsored poetry, culture of pre-Islamic ArabiaIntermarried with local women, children raised within Arab cultureAbd al-Malik established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686. Reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples

Fueled the Arabization of the region.

Tensions lead to a new Dynasty

Arabs had a higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts

Converts still had obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment.

Caliph Umar II demanded that all Muslims be treated as equals but nothing happened

Discontent swept the region and a bloody uprising occurred

Abbasids came to power

Moved capital to newly constructed city of Baghdad

Abbasids were also Arabs and descendants of Muhammad's uncle

Abbas

Abbasids had the support of non-Arab Islamic groups.

Islam and Arabic as the language of administration

The Levantine and Iraqi populations were eventually Arabized.

North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula

In 8

th

Century, Arabic armies conquered the region

Arab Muslims settled the old Roman, Vandal, Carthaginian towns

Berbers remained dominant inland

Slide25

The Arab Islamic Empire

Slide26

Later MigrationMilitary ConquestWhole tribes mobilized to conquer Arabia; pushed into Persia, ByzantinesArabs settled as garrison units on desert, arable land bordersWhole garrison towns constructed to administer empireWhole tribes resettled to maintain military controlMuslim PilgrimageOne of the Five Pillars of IslamOriginally was to be a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, replaced by Mecca

All Muslims must try at least once in life to make journey to Mecca

Shia-Sunni Split

Shia developed holy sites of dead martyrs and saints

Faithful made regular pilgrimages to venerate heroes

The Hajji and the GadisLearned Muslims often traveled between cities teaching, dispensing justiceItinerant preachers, wanders such as gadis (judges) and sufis (mystics)Commerce and Intellectual MigrationArab Empire encouraged commerce, tradeEmpire becomes one long linked trade route of exchangesArabs become trade diaspora at first but intermarry spreading Arab culture, languageArab Centers of Learning in Major Cities

Islam encouraged intellectual pursuits, caliphs built schools and libraries

Centers of Learning in Cordoba, Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad attracted travelers

Bedouin Migration

Overcrowding of Arabia, constant warfare led Arab Bedouin tribes (Banu) to migrate

Sahara, Libyan and Central Asian deserts witness migrations

Slide27

Tribal MigrationArab Colonization was similar to Roman establishment of military coloniaBanu Umayya of Damascus in the Levant & North Africa, 661ADUmayyid Caliphs from Umayya tribe were the first Arab force to conquer the North African region Most of the tribe settled in Damascus (The Levant) at this time and not in North AfricaAfter their removal by the Abbasid Caliphs, they migrated to Spain

Formed a majority of the Arabs in Iberia and a sizeable minority of Arabs in Maghreb

Banu Fahr in North Africa, 670AD

Banu Fahr subdued the Berbers in the mountain region of modern day Algeria.

Banu Fahr built the cities of Qayrawan in modern Tunisia and Uqbah ibn Naafi' in modern AlgeriaBanu Hashim (Idrisids) in North Africa, 788ADIdris I of the Banu Hashim quarrelled with the Abbasids and fled Egypt for the Maghreb With Berber support established the Idrisid dynasty located in modern day Morocco and Algeria

Banu Umayya of Andalus/Cordoba in North Africa, 1031AD

Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba collapsed, under assault by Castile, Aragon, Portugal

The Banu Umayya clan then fled with the rest of the Muslims to the Maghreb region.

Banu Hilal and Banu Muqal (Banu Hashim) in North Africa, 1046AD

Banu Hilal was a populous Arab tribal confederation organized by the Fatimids in Libya

Warred with the Zenata Berbers (a clan that claimed Yemeni ancestry from pre-Islamic periods)

Warred with the Sanhaja Berber confederation to small coastal towns.

Banu Hilal, Banu Muqal, Banu Jashm, other tribes eventually settled in Morocco and Algeria

Banu Sulaym in North Africa, 1049AD

Banu Sulyam was a Bedouin tribal confederation from Nejd (Arabia)

Allied with the Banu Hilal, helped defeat the Zirids in 1052 CE; took Kairuan in 1057 CE.

Banu Sulaym mainly settled and completely Arabized Libya

Banu Kanz Nubia/Sudan, 11th-14th century

Branch of the

Rabi'ah

tribe settled in north Sudan; Slowly Arabized states in Northern Sudan

Banu Kanz chieftain inherited the kingdom of Makurina and began Arabization of the Sudan

Completed by the arrival of the Ja’Alin and Arab tribes.

Banu Hassan Mauritania 1644-1674AD

Banu Maqil is a Yemeni nomadic tribe that settled in Tunisia in the 13th century

Banu Hassan of the Magil moved into the Sanhaja region in Western Sahara and Mauritania

Allied to the Latuma Arabized Berbers and Arabized Mauritania

Slide28

The Arab World

Slide29

TRADEDIASPORASClassical Through Contemporary Eras

Slide30

What is a Trade Diaspora?DefinedGroups of merchants living amongst aliens in associated networksResult of international trade in high valued luxuriesMerchants settle in certain countries to facilitate their tradeTypesStayers: Permanently settled in foreign land to facilitate trade

Movers: Those merchants who move between countries carrying goods

Victim Diaspora: ethnic community violently uprooted which trades to link parts

Causes of Trade Diaspora

Existence of competing states and political system with borders

Often merchants alone could move between competing regimesPolitical systems protected trade diasporas as they supplied luxuriesCulture of CommerceMerchants tend to think alike: maximization of profitMerchants willing to move, relocate to make a profitMerchants were from cities with a more cosmopolitan, shared culture

Culture of Shared Ethnicity

Merchants from same ethnic communities had contacts with others

Always easier to trade with some familiar with local customs

Easier still to trade with someone from your same family, culture

Slide31

The Rise of the SwahiliThe eastern coast of Africa Changed profoundly around first millennium CEBantu-speaking from interior Migrated, settled along the coastBecame farmers of bananas, remained herdersMerchants and traders from the Muslim world, India Realized the strategic importance of the east coast of Africa

Established commercial traffic, began to settle there

From 900 CE onwards

East Africa saw influx of Shirazi Arabs from the Persian Gulf

Small settlements of Indians

The Arabs called this region al-Zanj "The Blacks" Coastal areas came under control of Muslim merchantsBy the 1300'sMajor east African ports from Mombaza to Sofala

Had become thoroughly Islamic cities and cultural centers

Swahili Language

Grew out of a mix of Arabic and Bantu languages, means “coast”

Swahili is primarily a Bantu language with some Arabic elements

it is written in the Arabic alphabet

Today language is spreading amongst East Africa as official language

Slide32

Swahili Trading DiasporaMajor Swahili city-states Kenya: Mombasa, Malindi, PateSomalia: MogadishuTanzania: Zanzibar, KilwaMozambique: Sofala City-states were Muslim and cosmopolitan

All politically independent of one another

No Swahili empire or hegemony was formed

Each vied for the lion's share of African trade

Merchants moved about interior buying, selling

The chief exportsIvory, sandalwood, ebonyWorked closely with Zimbabwe to sell gold, copperLater included slaves, cloves

These cities were culturally cosmopolitan

Formed from a cultural mix of Bantu, Islamic, Indian influences

Commerce brought Chinese artifacts and Persian culture

Later Portuguese, English influence after 1500

Social Hierarchy

Cities were run by a nobility

African in origin

With admixture of Persian or Arab blood

Below the nobility

Were commoners, resident foreigners

Made up a large part of the citizenry

Like other Islamic African states, slavery was actively practiced

Slide33

Unit 4 – 1450 to 1750 – Atlantic Slave Trade

Slide34

The African Slave Trades

Slide35

Generalized Facts AboutSlavery, Slave TradesSlavery is as old as recorded human historyAll societies have had slaves or a system similar to itMost slaves were captured in war or sold for debtsMost slaves ended up as agricultural slavesTo a lesser degree slaves were domestic servantsTo a lesser degree slaves were soldiers, artisans

The most deadly slavery was in the mines, in the galleys

In most society slaves were protected to a degree by laws

Motives

Labor Shortages would necessitate slavery

A supply would be neededProfit would have to be great to cover expenses

Slide36

African SlaveryIn most African societiesLittle difference between the free peasants and the feudal vassal peasantsVassals of the Songhay Muslim Empire Used primarily in agriculture, paid tribute in crops, service

Slavery was more an occupational caste as bondage was relative

In the Kanem Bornu Empire

Vassals were three classes beneath the nobles

Marriage between captor and captive was far from rare, blurring the anticipated roles.

Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeDuring the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export trafficSlave traffic from Africa to the Americas was more profitable to slavers, trade shifted to coast

Dutch imported slaves from Asia into South Africa, Portugal and Spain imported slaves to Americas

End of slave trade, decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors

The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent

There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar

This was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole

In most African slave societies, slaves were protected and incorporated into the slave-owning family

In Senegambia between 1300 and 1900 close to one-third of the population was enslaved

In early Islamic states of the western Sudan

Including Ghana (750-1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), Songhai (1275-1591)

About a third of the population were slaves

In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves

In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved

Among the Duala of the Cameroon, Igbo and other peoples of the lower Niger

The Kongo, the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe of Angola all practiced slavery, sold slaves to Portuguese

Among the Ashanti and Yoruba a third of the population consisted of slaves

The population of the Kanem was about a third-slave

It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (1396–1893)

Between 1750 and 1900 from 1/3 to 2/3 of entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slave

Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausas in Nigeria, Cameroon: ½ population was slave in 19th century

It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved.

Roughly half the population of Madagascar was enslaved

Slide37

Foundations of the Slave TradesSlavery common in most Mediterranean societiesMuslim WorldQuran permitted slaveryIslamic world had created two slave routes out of AfricaIberiaIberians never had serfdom because slaves were plentiful

Iberians tended to enslave Muslims during their wars

Iberians knew of Africans, African slaves: they had invaded Iberia

Slavery common in traditional Africa

Typically war captives, criminals, outcasts Most slaves worked as cultivatorsSome used as administrators, soldiers

Were a measure of power, wealth

Assimilated into masters' kinship groups

Could earn freedom

Children of slaves were free

Islamic slave trade well established throughout Africa

Slaves had been sold out of Africa long before Greeks and Romans

North African to S. W. Asia Route

Indian Ocean Route to S. W. Asia, Persian Gulf

Europeans used these existing networks

Redirected the slaves to the coast (Atlantic Route)

Expanded slave trade through increased demand, high prices

Slide38

Trans-Saharan Slave TradeIndian Ocean Slave TradeThe Arab slave trade lasted more than a millenniumIbn Battuta states that he was given , purchased slavesArab slave trade originated with trans-Saharan slaveryArabs, Indians, Asians involved in the capture, transport of slavesRoute was northward across the Sahara desert, Indian Ocean region

Into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent

The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia

Dominated by Arab, African traders in coastal cities of East Africa

Swahili wealth also due in large part to slave trade

Iraq: black Zanj slaves constituted ½ total populationThe MoorsEuropean name for Berbers of North Africa

In the 8th century began raiding coastal areas

Became known as the Barbary pirates

Slave trade suppressed in the 19

th

century

Slaves included both African and Europeans

Cervantes was held as a slave, later ransomed

Male slaves

Employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers

Female slaves traded as domestic servants

Historical estimates

11-17 million slaves taken

Between 650 to 1900 CE

British were strong abolitionists in region

Slave trade continued into early 1900s

Interpol evidence: it continues today

Slide39

Slave Routes Out of Africa

Slide40

Social Changes in Africa c. 1500Political ChangesRise of hereditary monarchies in West AfricaRise of WarfareNew outside contacts enteringEuropean (Portuguese) influence along coast

Moroccan, North African influence pushing south

Radicalization of Islam

Rise of radical African Muslim Sahel states

Rulers, religious leaders called for purified Islam

Began to launch Jihad wars to purify beliefAmerican food cropsManioc, maize, peanuts, yams, melonsIntroduced after the sixteenth century

Cultivation expanded, thrived

Population growth in sub-Sahara

From 35 million in 1500

To 60 million in 1800

Slide41

Portugal and Africa Set a PatternPortuguese explore AfricaEstablished factories, trading stationsPortugal not powerful enough to control tradeDiseases kept Europeans out of interiorHad to work cooperatively with local rulersMulattos penetrated interior for Portugal

Exchanges

Portugal obtained ivory, pepper, skins, gold

Africans obtained manufactured goods

Portugal successful because goods desired

Many cultural ideas exchange, images in artC0-Dominion of TradeDominated shipment, demand out of AfricaOn continent, African kings dominated trade of all types

How Portugal dealt with Africans

Missionary efforts, Catholicism spread; Ambassadors exchanged

Portugal begins to see Africans as savages, heathens, pagans

Began with Portuguese attitude towards African Muslims

Slavery introduced as Africans seen only as a commodity

Slaves became a primary trade commodity, Portugal became greedy

Many Africans limited, attempted to limit Portuguese influence

Slide42

Human CargosEarly slave trade on the Atlantic Started by Portuguese in 1441 1460 about five hundred slaves/year shipped to Portugal, Spain 15TH century slaves shipped to sugar plantations on Atlantic islands

American planters needed labor

Indians not suited to slavery, most had died out

Portuguese planters imported slaves to Brazil, 1530s

Slaves to Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, Central America, 1510 - 1520s

English colonists brought slaves to North America early 17TH centuryTriangular trade

All three legs of voyage profitable

In Africa, finished goods traded for slaves

In Americas, slaves traded for sugar, molasses

In Europe, American produce traded

At every stage slave trade was brutal

Individuals captured in violent raids

Forced marched to the coast for transport

Middle Passage and First Year

Between 25-50 percent died on passage

Another 25 percent died first year

Slide43

Impact of the Slave Trade on AfricaVolume of the Atlantic slave trade Increased dramatically after 1600 c. 1800 100,000 shipped per year About 12 million brought to AmericasAnother 12 million died en route

Volume of Muslim trade

Ten million slaves shipped out of Africa

Islamic slave trade between 8

th

and 19th centuriesSocial ImpactProfound on African societies

Impact uneven: some societies spared, some profited

Some areas had no population growth, stagnation

For generations, many leaders, intellectuals missing

Distorted African sex ratios

Two-thirds of exported slaves were males

Polygamy encouraged, often common

Forced women to take on men's duties

Gender involved in trades

Atlantic Route: men and women

Trans-Saharan Route: men only

Indian Ocean Route: women and young boys (eunuchs)

Politically and economic disruption

Firearms traded for slaves led to war and state formation

Many states grew powerful as a slave-raiding state

Fostered conflict and violence between peoples

Failed to develop economics, industry, trade beyond slave trade

Beginning of a process which impoverished Africa until today

Slide44

Mapping the Height of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Slide45

Statistics of the Atlantic Slave Trade

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

CARRIERS

DESTINATIONS

PORTUGAL

4.7 million

BRAZIL

4.0 million

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING THE USA

2.9 million

SPANISH

EMPIRE

2.5 million

SPAIN

1.6 million

BRITISH WEST INDIES

2.0 million

FRANCE

1.3 million

FRENCH WEST INDIES

1.6 million

NETHERLANDS

0,9 million

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING USA

500,000

DUTCH WEST INDIES

500,000

DANISH WEST INDIES

28,000

EUROPE AND ATLANTIC ISLANDS

200,000

SOURCE: “THE SLAVE TRADE” BY HUGH THOMAS

Slide46

American Plantation SocietyCash crops Introduced to fertile lands of Caribbean: early 15th c. Important cash cropsCaribbean Coast: Sugar, cocoa, coffeeSouthern States of US: Tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton

Plantations dependent on slave labor

Plantations racially divided

100 or more slaves with a few white supervisors

Whites on top of social pyramid

Free people of colorCreole blacks Born in Americas of mixed parentage

House slaves

Saltwater slaves

Directly from Africa

Field slaves, mines

High death rates in Caribbean, Brazil

Led to continued importation of slaves

Led to an expansion of the slave trade to Africa

Led to an internal slave trade in some states

Most slaves to Caribbean (Haiti) and Brazil

Only about 5 percent of slaves to North America

Less than 1% to the US

Slave families more common

Slide47

African Traditions in the AmericasAfricans brought their traditions, cultures with themOften retained only their traditionsMost Africans in Americas came from same region in AfricaHybrid traditions arose blending with Western traditionsAfrican and Creole languages

Slaves from many tribes; lacked a common language

Developed creole languages

Blending several African languages

With the language of the slaveholder

Religions also combined different cultures African Christianity was a distinctive syncretic practice African rituals and beliefsRitual drumming, singing

Pentecostal like behaviors

Animal sacrifice, magic, and sorcery

Examples: Obeah, vodun, candomble

Other cultural traditions

Hybrid cuisine

Weaving, pottery

Slide48

End of Slave Trade and Abolition of SlaveryResistance to slavery widespread, though dangerous Slow work, sabotage, and escape Slave revolts rare – brutally suppressed by owners 1793 Slave Rebellion in Saint-DomingueFrench Revolution abolished slavery

Black Jacobins stage revolution, end slavocracy

Resisted repeated French attempts to reconquer

Established the free state of Haiti

New voices and ideas against slavery

Enlightenment began discussionAmerican, French revolutions: ideals of freedom and equality Slave Journals and Narratives greatly influenced debate

Slavery became increasingly costly

Slave revolts made slavery expensive and dangerous

Decline of sugar price, rising costs of slaves

British abolished slavery, slave trade

British navy patrolled Africa and arrested, hung slave traders

Manufacturing industries rivaled slave industries

Paid labor was cheaper and often more reliable

Industry was more profitable; Africa became a market

End of the Atlantic slave trade

Most European states abolished slave trade in early 19

th

century

The abolition of slavery followed slowly

Many European states abolished slavery between 1790 and 1810

1833 in British colonies, 1848 in French colonies

1865 in the United States, 1888 in Brazil

Trans-Saharan, East African Slave trades existed until 1880s, 1900s

Slide49

Unit 5 – 1750 to 1900 – Europeans to Americas, more slavery, England to Australia, Polynesian Migrations

Slide50

19th and 20th CenturyMigrationsModern Mass Movement

Slide51

The FactsMost common typesLabor migrationRefugee migrationUrbanization18th Century ImmigrationAccelerated over time periodLargest examples were the African slave trades

Colonization of territories common

19

th

Century Immigration

Caused by industrialization and opening of interior landsLarge demand for labor to replace slaves, work factories, plantationsFacilitated by modern developments in transportationInternational Trade and Imperialism are influencing factorsRemade the Americas, Australia20th Century Immigration

Cannot understand modern world without immigration

Economic and Social Globalization and modern immigration are linked

Economic disparities, decolonization, and war are critical

Intellectual migration has become quite common

Slide52

19th c. Demographic RevolutionCausesMassive Population Surge beginning in WestImmediate Results Prior to IndustrializationMassive insecurityTemporary migrationGrowth of Cities and Urbanization due to IndustrializationBy 1900 had begun to spread to Japan, Russia, Eastern Europe

Rural economies replaced by urban industrial economies in West

Enclosure movements around the world

Food shortages such as Irish Potato Famine

Industrialization and Urbanization demanded all types of labor

Need to replace slavery, serfdom in some areas of the worldNew Circular Migration PatternsCommercialization of agriculture produced new labor demandsShort term labor common, replaces year round farm laborNew Migrant Labor for farming, construction of infrastructureMigration of women as laborers became commonHigher mobility of people including labor

Slide53

19th c. The Atlantic WorldWestern and Eastern Europe1800 – 1940: 50 million Europeans immigrated Southern Europeans: Italians, Greeks, AlbaniansEastern Europeans: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Russians, Jews

Western/Northern Europe: Scandinavians, Irish

West Europe saw urbanization, migration of labor from farms to industry

Africa

Slave trade continued until early 20

th centuryAtlantic Slave trade largely ended by 1820Illegal Slave Trade to Brazil continued until c. 1850Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Slave Trades continued until c. 1910

Popular Migrations

Boer Great Trek from Capetown to Interior to avoid British influence, control

Mfecane in South Africa due to Zulu wars spreads Nguni to Southern Africa

Migration of Somali into Ogden, East Africa due to drought

Large colonial settlement of Europeans to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, South Africa

Muslim jihads on West African Sahel produce migrations of people across region

Africans move to work gold, rubber, diamond, industrial concerns of Europeans

The Americas

19

th

Century

Largest recipients were the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay

USA, Canada received large populations from Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia

Settlement of the Frontier

Mexico, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina all settled their frontiers

All attempted to attract settlers and laborers with good salaries, grant of land

Slide54

19th c. Asian Migration to AfricaSouth and Southeast Asia50 million Indians, Chinese, Malay, Filipinos migrated as contract laborersCommercial labor settled in thriving cities, portsPhysical labor worked tea, rubber, rice, sugar, coffee plantationsIndians (Both Hindu and Muslims)

Went to African plantations as contract laborers, physical laborers

Many voluntarily moved to Africa to establish businesses to serve migrants

British used Indians as lower colonial administrators in their Asian empire

Indians in East Africa

First arrived as coolie laborers in late 1800s to build the Ugandan RailwayOriginal 32,000 contracted laborersMany stayed as shopkeepers, artisans, traders, clerks, low level administrators

Excluded from middle, senior ranks of the colonial government, from farming

Became commercial middleman, professional community including doctors, lawyers

Indian traders followed Arab trading routes inland on the coasts of East Africa

Indians had monopoly on Zanzibar's trade in 19th century

Between the building of the railways and the end of World War II

Number of Indians in East Africa swelled to 320,000

By 1940s: some colonial areas passed laws restricting the flow of immigrants

The Indians had firmly established control of commercial trade

80 to 90 percent in Kenya, Uganda plus sections of industrial development

In 1948, all but 12 of Uganda's 195 cotton ginneries were Indian run

Indians in South Africa

The majority of the Asian South African population is

Indian

in origin

Most of them descended from indentured workers

Transported to work in 19th century on sugar plantations of Natal

They are largely English speaking

1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent 2% of South Africa’s population

Gandhi worked as lawyer in South Africa amongst immigrant workers

African National Congress modeled after Indian National Congress

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Migration 1800 to 1914

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Unit 6 – 1900 to today – Africans to Europe for work, Latin Americans to US for work, Chinese/Indians to ENG controlled lands for work

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Major 20th c. Migrations

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Immigration and World WarsWorld War I and AfterRefugees produced by warfare in record numbersMillions of colonial subjects migrated to fronts to support war100,000 Vietnamese; 100,000 Chinese, 100,000 AfricansMany worked in Europe, at war fronts as laborersPeace Treaty produced immigration

Germans expelled from former territories

Turks expelled from Europe

Greeks expelled from Turkey

Armenian Genocide

Millions of Armenians migrated from SW Asia to AmericasIncreased Jewish migration to Palestine reached 400,000 by 1948The Soviet Union’s Migrations3 million refugees (ethnic groups, elite) fled communist revolutions to westUSSR resettled peoples whom they distrusted

World War II

Japanese invasion of China created up to 50 million internal immigrants

Nazis used forced settlement, internal migration

Millions of Germans settled in occupied Eastern lands

European Jews rounded up and shipped to Eastern Europe

Millions of Europeans used as slave labor in German factories

Prisoners of War and Refugees number in millions

End of War Expulsions and Resettlement

Allies expelled millennia old German populations from Eastern, Central Europe

Millions of Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Romanians resettled in former German lands

Soviets forcibly resettled 100,000+ Eastern Europeans into USSR

Slide59

Decolonization: Atlantic1922 – 1975Effect of two world wars and fight for democracy, self-determinationEurope lost its colonies and most colonial populations repatriated homeMany highly educated elite of ethnic groups moved for opportunitiesThe bulk of immigrants were as laborers when labor was neededViolence of the change of administration influenced others to migrationAmericasWest Indies

Underemployment drove men, women to UK for jobs

Most have stayed in United Kingdom and not returned home

Suriname

Some 33% of the Surinamese have gone to Netherlands

A high rate have returned homeAfricaPortugal received greatest bulk of Africans migrating to EuropeOriginally qualified Africans for school and some unskilled laborersAfter collapse of colonies, whites returned along with African elite, more laborers

East Africa

Largely Hindu, Muslims, and Asian populations left

Many went to India and Pakistan but a considerable number to UK, Canada

North Africa

More than 1.5 million French colonists returned home en masse in 1950s and 1960s

Almost one million laborers and students have migrated to France and Spain

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Mapping Migration since 1945

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Current Immigration Routes

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Labor Migration Since 1945CausesDeveloped world of rich nations attracted labor and brain power with higher payThe bulk of immigrants were laborers when labor was neededMany ethnic commercial minorities felt threatened and movedPopulation in 3rd world high; birth rates in 1st world declined = labor shortage1st world citizens increasingly abandoned agriculture = need for farm labor

Construction laborers needed in urbanizing world

The famous Brain Drain of the educated elite to the 1

st

World

Sources: Poor & Smart MigrateNet RecipientsUnited States, Canada, Western EuropePersian Gulf StatesJapan and AustraliaSouth AfricaNet SuppliersEastern and Southern Europeans to Northern and Western Europe

South Asian Muslims to the Persian Gulf States

North Africans, West Africans to West Europe especially Spain, France, Portugal, Italy and UK

Central Americans to the United States and Canada

The Caribbean to the United States and United Kingdom

Southeast Asians to France, the United States, and Australia

Turks to Germany and Austria

Irish to the United Kingdom and Continental Europe

Chinese to the United States and Canada

Southern African males to South African diamond, gold mines and industry

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Migration: 20th c. Africa

Slide64

Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

Slide65

Migrations to the Americas

Slide66

Polynesian Migrations

Slide67

Spread of Agriculture

Slide68

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Indo-European Migrations (4000 BCE -1000 BCE)

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Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)

What knowledge spread with the Bantus?

Slide71

Language “Migration”

Slide72

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Jewish Diaspora

Slide74

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Slide76

Slide77

Hun Empire threatens Europe and Asia (4th-6th centuries)

Huns help weaken the Roman Empire under Attila

White Huns invade India during the Gupta Empire

Huns (Xiongnu) invade Han Dynasty (Mulan)

Slide78

The Spread of Islam (630-1700)

Slide79

Turkic Migrations (7th-15th centuries)

Think about: Seljuks, Ottomons, Uyghers

Could they be offshoots of the Huns?

Slide80

Viking Migrations (9th -11th centuries)

Slide81

The Mongol Invasions (13th-15th centuries)

Slide82

Forced Migration

Slide83

Forced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

Slide84

Slide85

European

African (slaves)

Indian

Chinese

Japanese

Majority of population descended from immigrants

World Migration Routes Since 1700

Slide86

Migration due to religious persecution

Slide87

Current Migrations