c 2 million BCE To 15000 BCE Unit 1 8000 BCE to 600 BCE Out of Africa Humans Spread Across Globe Hominids Arose in Africa 12 million years ago Migrated throughout Eurasia ID: 830235
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Slide1
Pre-Historic MigrationOut of Africa: The Peopling of the World
c. 2 million BCE
To 15,000 BCE
Slide2Unit 1 – 8000 BCE to 600 BCE – Out of Africa
Slide3Humans Spread Across GlobeHominidsArose in Africa 1-2 million years agoMigrated throughout EurasiaHomo-SapiensAs a species arose c. 300,000 years agoArose in East Africa, The Horn of AfricaHunter-Gatherer Society
Nomads followed game, gathered seeds
Conduits across Strait of Gibraltar, Sinai
Southwest Asia reached c. 70,000 BCE
East Asia reached c. 60,000 BCE
Australia reached c. 50,000 BCEEurope reached c. 40,000 BCENorth America reached c. 20,000 BCESouth America reached c. 15,000 to c. 12,000 BCEAll Pacific Islands not reached until c. 1000 CEProofWe use DNA, genetic drift, chromosomes, archaeology as proofWe look at languages and linguistics
Slide4Out of Africa Migration
Slide5Out of Africa Migration
Slide6Migration of Homo Sapiens
Slide7Human Fossil Record
Slide8Unit 2 – 600 BCE to 600 CE – Hellenistic, Romans, Bantus, Early Polynesia
Slide9The Hellenistic WorldAlexander’s WorldHe founds Greek cities as his armies advanceGreek administrators, soldiers, merchants migrate in wakeGreek ruled states arose within his failed empireSuccessor Hellenistic Monarchies
Greek cities throughout their states
Greek predominate language of area
Greeks formed elite settler society
Slide10From Etruscans to RomansThe EtruscansElite aristocracy migrated from Asia MinorEstablished city-states thoughout TuscanyEtruscan colonies on Corsica, Sardinia, Po Valley, CampanaRoman Republic to Roman Empire753 – 509 BCE: Etruscan Kingdom – Rome founded as Etruscan colony
Roman patricians overthrow Etruscans, establish republic, expand
Rome expanded to control Latium, other Latin tribes, later Italy
Extended Roman rights to many conquered peoples
“Coloniae civium Romanorum”
Settled Roman with full rights, citizenship; acted as governors of territoriesTended to be small with 300 Roman familiesLatin ColoniesSettlements of Romans, Latin allies in colonies with partial rightsMilitary colonies designed to control, maintain empireAfter 133 BCE
New Roman colonies are transplantations of poor, landless Roman population
Settled as agricultural colonies to give poor, ex-farmers new land
Often settled in territories outside of Italy
Imperial colonies
Tradition started by Julius Caesar and continued by later emperors
Legionnaires paid off upon retirement by establishing colonies in empire
Slide11Roman ColoniaFirst Roman Colonies
Colonia spread Latin culture, language and were usually located at critical geographic sites that later became major cities.
Slide12The Vandal MigrationThe Volkerwanderung 400 CEEntered Roman territoryMany embraced ChristianityFew were Roman CatholicsMost followed Arian Christianity
Crossed into Gaul
Battled the Franks, forced Vandals to move into Iberia
Crossed into region as Roman
feoderati
Settled Galicia, Western, Southern areasInto AfricaCrossed Strait of Gibraltar to use it as a base439 CE conquered Carthage, made it capitalSettled area around modern Tunis, Eastern AlgeriaConquered Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica; sacked Rome 455
Created a powerful state
Later State
Suffered conflicts between Catholics, Arians
Byzantines invaded, conquered area in 534
Slide13Mapping Vandal Movement
Slide14THE BANTU MIGRATIONSOut of Nigeria, Movement in the South
Slide15EARLY MOVEMENT IN AFRICA
Slide16The Early BantusThe Bantu peoples Originated in the region around modern Nigeria/Cameroon Influenced by Nok iron making, herding, agriculturePopulation pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE – 700 BCE Two major movements: to south and to east and then south Languages split into about 500 distinct but related tongues
Bantu agriculture and herding
Early Bantu relied on agriculture – slash-burn, shifting
Pastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture, cattle
Iron metallurgy
Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. Iron made agriculture more productiveExpanded divisions of labor, specialization in societies Population Pressures Iron technologies produced population upsurge
Large populations forced migration of Bantu
Slide17MAPPING THE BANTU MIGRATIONS
Slide18Movement Spreads Other ItemsThe Bantu Migration Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000 B.C.E.Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest coasts Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct but related tongues
Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa by 1000 C.E.
Split into groups as they migrated: Eastern, Central, Southern
Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they moved
Bananas
Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached AfricaSettled in Madagascar, visited East African coastBrought with them pigs, taro, and banana cultivation
Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500 C.E.
Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from Malagasy
Bananas caused second population spurt, migration surge
Reached South Africa in 16
th
century CE
Slide19Unit 3 – 600 to 1450 – Muslims, Mongols, Vikings
Slide20The Migration of the Arabs640 – 1500 CE
Slide21What is an Arab?The Problem“Arab” is an ambiguous, confusing termUsually means a speaker of ArabicThis is a recent historical development The Arabs are SemitesHistorical Semites include sedentary, nomadic peoples
Phoenicians, Hyksos, Arameans, Edomites, Moabites, Canaanites
Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians
Related to the Hamites of Egypt, Yemen, Ethiopia
Originally the Bedouin tribes of Arabia, Yemen
Who is an “Arab”?Genealogical (Genes, DNA)The smallest of group within ArabsDescendents of the Bedouin tribes of Arabian and Syrian DesertsIbn Khaldun defined this group as solely those tracing origin to these Bedouin tribes Linguistic
A speaker whose first language is Arabic
A very large group due to Islam, c. 250 million people
May be a linguistic Arab without being a genealogical Arab
Political and Cultural
Islam furthered the spread of Arabic to genealogical non-Arabs
A cosmopolitan culture originally created by the Arab Empire
Is both the ethnic culture of the Arabs and those citizens of a state which speaks Arabic
Many genealogical non-Arabs are culturally Arabs
Many reject being called Arabs unless they also speak Arabic
Slide22Early HistoryArabs and the Arabic LanguagePre-date the CE developments of IslamOriginated in the Arabian PeninsulaThe BedouinDesert dwelling nomadic organized by tribesDwelt in Hejaz and the interior of Arabia
Many Bedouin had settled in towns and become semi-urbanized
Towns in Yathrib (Medina) and Mecca
The Nabateans
Nomadic migrants to Levant who became urbanized
Originally spoke Aramaic but switched to ArabicNabatean alphabet adopted by Southern Arabs and pre-Classic ArabicArabia Petrapolis was an flowering of an early commercial Arabic cultureSpread in Southwest Asia beginning c. 200 CEJewish Arabs Arabs who had become Jews by conversion or conquest
Edomites and The Idumaean Dynasty of Judah
King Herod is the prime example
Many Arabs in Levant had become strongly Hellenized
Arab Christians Ghassanids, Lakhmids, Banu Judham
Settled Levant (Modern Jordan, Southern Israel, Sinai) and Northern Arabian Desert
Ghassanids settled Syrian Desert as clients of the Roman Empire
Lakhmids settled desert opposite Mesopotamia as clients of the Sassanid Empire
Kindites, Himyarites of Yemen ruled northern, central Arabia and the Persian Gulf coast
Zenobia of Palmyra was in all likelihood related to the Arabs
Religiously heavily influenced by Monophysite and Nestorian Christianity
Slide23The Tribal Map of Arabia
Slide24Early ConquestsMuhammad and Islam unites the Arab TribesMuslims must read the Quran in ArabicAll Muslims pray in ArabicLevant and IragArabs flooded into as part of early conquests of Islam661 CE: Ummayad Caliphs move capital to Damascus
Arabs compromise ruling military elite
Established garrison towns
Ramla, ar-Raggah, Basra, Kufa, Mosul, Samarra
All eventually became major non-military cities
Enjoyed special privilegesProud of Arab ancestry, sponsored poetry, culture of pre-Islamic ArabiaIntermarried with local women, children raised within Arab cultureAbd al-Malik established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686. Reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples
Fueled the Arabization of the region.
Tensions lead to a new Dynasty
Arabs had a higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts
Converts still had obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment.
Caliph Umar II demanded that all Muslims be treated as equals but nothing happened
Discontent swept the region and a bloody uprising occurred
Abbasids came to power
Moved capital to newly constructed city of Baghdad
Abbasids were also Arabs and descendants of Muhammad's uncle
Abbas
Abbasids had the support of non-Arab Islamic groups.
Islam and Arabic as the language of administration
The Levantine and Iraqi populations were eventually Arabized.
North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula
In 8
th
Century, Arabic armies conquered the region
Arab Muslims settled the old Roman, Vandal, Carthaginian towns
Berbers remained dominant inland
Slide25The Arab Islamic Empire
Slide26Later MigrationMilitary ConquestWhole tribes mobilized to conquer Arabia; pushed into Persia, ByzantinesArabs settled as garrison units on desert, arable land bordersWhole garrison towns constructed to administer empireWhole tribes resettled to maintain military controlMuslim PilgrimageOne of the Five Pillars of IslamOriginally was to be a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, replaced by Mecca
All Muslims must try at least once in life to make journey to Mecca
Shia-Sunni Split
Shia developed holy sites of dead martyrs and saints
Faithful made regular pilgrimages to venerate heroes
The Hajji and the GadisLearned Muslims often traveled between cities teaching, dispensing justiceItinerant preachers, wanders such as gadis (judges) and sufis (mystics)Commerce and Intellectual MigrationArab Empire encouraged commerce, tradeEmpire becomes one long linked trade route of exchangesArabs become trade diaspora at first but intermarry spreading Arab culture, languageArab Centers of Learning in Major Cities
Islam encouraged intellectual pursuits, caliphs built schools and libraries
Centers of Learning in Cordoba, Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad attracted travelers
Bedouin Migration
Overcrowding of Arabia, constant warfare led Arab Bedouin tribes (Banu) to migrate
Sahara, Libyan and Central Asian deserts witness migrations
Slide27Tribal MigrationArab Colonization was similar to Roman establishment of military coloniaBanu Umayya of Damascus in the Levant & North Africa, 661ADUmayyid Caliphs from Umayya tribe were the first Arab force to conquer the North African region Most of the tribe settled in Damascus (The Levant) at this time and not in North AfricaAfter their removal by the Abbasid Caliphs, they migrated to Spain
Formed a majority of the Arabs in Iberia and a sizeable minority of Arabs in Maghreb
Banu Fahr in North Africa, 670AD
Banu Fahr subdued the Berbers in the mountain region of modern day Algeria.
Banu Fahr built the cities of Qayrawan in modern Tunisia and Uqbah ibn Naafi' in modern AlgeriaBanu Hashim (Idrisids) in North Africa, 788ADIdris I of the Banu Hashim quarrelled with the Abbasids and fled Egypt for the Maghreb With Berber support established the Idrisid dynasty located in modern day Morocco and Algeria
Banu Umayya of Andalus/Cordoba in North Africa, 1031AD
Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba collapsed, under assault by Castile, Aragon, Portugal
The Banu Umayya clan then fled with the rest of the Muslims to the Maghreb region.
Banu Hilal and Banu Muqal (Banu Hashim) in North Africa, 1046AD
Banu Hilal was a populous Arab tribal confederation organized by the Fatimids in Libya
Warred with the Zenata Berbers (a clan that claimed Yemeni ancestry from pre-Islamic periods)
Warred with the Sanhaja Berber confederation to small coastal towns.
Banu Hilal, Banu Muqal, Banu Jashm, other tribes eventually settled in Morocco and Algeria
Banu Sulaym in North Africa, 1049AD
Banu Sulyam was a Bedouin tribal confederation from Nejd (Arabia)
Allied with the Banu Hilal, helped defeat the Zirids in 1052 CE; took Kairuan in 1057 CE.
Banu Sulaym mainly settled and completely Arabized Libya
Banu Kanz Nubia/Sudan, 11th-14th century
Branch of the
Rabi'ah
tribe settled in north Sudan; Slowly Arabized states in Northern Sudan
Banu Kanz chieftain inherited the kingdom of Makurina and began Arabization of the Sudan
Completed by the arrival of the Ja’Alin and Arab tribes.
Banu Hassan Mauritania 1644-1674AD
Banu Maqil is a Yemeni nomadic tribe that settled in Tunisia in the 13th century
Banu Hassan of the Magil moved into the Sanhaja region in Western Sahara and Mauritania
Allied to the Latuma Arabized Berbers and Arabized Mauritania
Slide28The Arab World
Slide29TRADEDIASPORASClassical Through Contemporary Eras
Slide30What is a Trade Diaspora?DefinedGroups of merchants living amongst aliens in associated networksResult of international trade in high valued luxuriesMerchants settle in certain countries to facilitate their tradeTypesStayers: Permanently settled in foreign land to facilitate trade
Movers: Those merchants who move between countries carrying goods
Victim Diaspora: ethnic community violently uprooted which trades to link parts
Causes of Trade Diaspora
Existence of competing states and political system with borders
Often merchants alone could move between competing regimesPolitical systems protected trade diasporas as they supplied luxuriesCulture of CommerceMerchants tend to think alike: maximization of profitMerchants willing to move, relocate to make a profitMerchants were from cities with a more cosmopolitan, shared culture
Culture of Shared Ethnicity
Merchants from same ethnic communities had contacts with others
Always easier to trade with some familiar with local customs
Easier still to trade with someone from your same family, culture
Slide31The Rise of the SwahiliThe eastern coast of Africa Changed profoundly around first millennium CEBantu-speaking from interior Migrated, settled along the coastBecame farmers of bananas, remained herdersMerchants and traders from the Muslim world, India Realized the strategic importance of the east coast of Africa
Established commercial traffic, began to settle there
From 900 CE onwards
East Africa saw influx of Shirazi Arabs from the Persian Gulf
Small settlements of Indians
The Arabs called this region al-Zanj "The Blacks" Coastal areas came under control of Muslim merchantsBy the 1300'sMajor east African ports from Mombaza to Sofala
Had become thoroughly Islamic cities and cultural centers
Swahili Language
Grew out of a mix of Arabic and Bantu languages, means “coast”
Swahili is primarily a Bantu language with some Arabic elements
it is written in the Arabic alphabet
Today language is spreading amongst East Africa as official language
Slide32Swahili Trading DiasporaMajor Swahili city-states Kenya: Mombasa, Malindi, PateSomalia: MogadishuTanzania: Zanzibar, KilwaMozambique: Sofala City-states were Muslim and cosmopolitan
All politically independent of one another
No Swahili empire or hegemony was formed
Each vied for the lion's share of African trade
Merchants moved about interior buying, selling
The chief exportsIvory, sandalwood, ebonyWorked closely with Zimbabwe to sell gold, copperLater included slaves, cloves
These cities were culturally cosmopolitan
Formed from a cultural mix of Bantu, Islamic, Indian influences
Commerce brought Chinese artifacts and Persian culture
Later Portuguese, English influence after 1500
Social Hierarchy
Cities were run by a nobility
African in origin
With admixture of Persian or Arab blood
Below the nobility
Were commoners, resident foreigners
Made up a large part of the citizenry
Like other Islamic African states, slavery was actively practiced
Unit 4 – 1450 to 1750 – Atlantic Slave Trade
Slide34The African Slave Trades
Slide35Generalized Facts AboutSlavery, Slave TradesSlavery is as old as recorded human historyAll societies have had slaves or a system similar to itMost slaves were captured in war or sold for debtsMost slaves ended up as agricultural slavesTo a lesser degree slaves were domestic servantsTo a lesser degree slaves were soldiers, artisans
The most deadly slavery was in the mines, in the galleys
In most society slaves were protected to a degree by laws
Motives
Labor Shortages would necessitate slavery
A supply would be neededProfit would have to be great to cover expenses
Slide36African SlaveryIn most African societiesLittle difference between the free peasants and the feudal vassal peasantsVassals of the Songhay Muslim Empire Used primarily in agriculture, paid tribute in crops, service
Slavery was more an occupational caste as bondage was relative
In the Kanem Bornu Empire
Vassals were three classes beneath the nobles
Marriage between captor and captive was far from rare, blurring the anticipated roles.
Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeDuring the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export trafficSlave traffic from Africa to the Americas was more profitable to slavers, trade shifted to coast
Dutch imported slaves from Asia into South Africa, Portugal and Spain imported slaves to Americas
End of slave trade, decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors
The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent
There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar
This was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole
In most African slave societies, slaves were protected and incorporated into the slave-owning family
In Senegambia between 1300 and 1900 close to one-third of the population was enslaved
In early Islamic states of the western Sudan
Including Ghana (750-1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), Songhai (1275-1591)
About a third of the population were slaves
In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves
In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved
Among the Duala of the Cameroon, Igbo and other peoples of the lower Niger
The Kongo, the Kasanje kingdom and Chokwe of Angola all practiced slavery, sold slaves to Portuguese
Among the Ashanti and Yoruba a third of the population consisted of slaves
The population of the Kanem was about a third-slave
It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (1396–1893)
Between 1750 and 1900 from 1/3 to 2/3 of entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slave
Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausas in Nigeria, Cameroon: ½ population was slave in 19th century
It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved.
Roughly half the population of Madagascar was enslaved
Slide37Foundations of the Slave TradesSlavery common in most Mediterranean societiesMuslim WorldQuran permitted slaveryIslamic world had created two slave routes out of AfricaIberiaIberians never had serfdom because slaves were plentiful
Iberians tended to enslave Muslims during their wars
Iberians knew of Africans, African slaves: they had invaded Iberia
Slavery common in traditional Africa
Typically war captives, criminals, outcasts Most slaves worked as cultivatorsSome used as administrators, soldiers
Were a measure of power, wealth
Assimilated into masters' kinship groups
Could earn freedom
Children of slaves were free
Islamic slave trade well established throughout Africa
Slaves had been sold out of Africa long before Greeks and Romans
North African to S. W. Asia Route
Indian Ocean Route to S. W. Asia, Persian Gulf
Europeans used these existing networks
Redirected the slaves to the coast (Atlantic Route)
Expanded slave trade through increased demand, high prices
Slide38Trans-Saharan Slave TradeIndian Ocean Slave TradeThe Arab slave trade lasted more than a millenniumIbn Battuta states that he was given , purchased slavesArab slave trade originated with trans-Saharan slaveryArabs, Indians, Asians involved in the capture, transport of slavesRoute was northward across the Sahara desert, Indian Ocean region
Into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent
The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia
Dominated by Arab, African traders in coastal cities of East Africa
Swahili wealth also due in large part to slave trade
Iraq: black Zanj slaves constituted ½ total populationThe MoorsEuropean name for Berbers of North Africa
In the 8th century began raiding coastal areas
Became known as the Barbary pirates
Slave trade suppressed in the 19
th
century
Slaves included both African and Europeans
Cervantes was held as a slave, later ransomed
Male slaves
Employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers
Female slaves traded as domestic servants
Historical estimates
11-17 million slaves taken
Between 650 to 1900 CE
British were strong abolitionists in region
Slave trade continued into early 1900s
Interpol evidence: it continues today
Slide39Slave Routes Out of Africa
Slide40Social Changes in Africa c. 1500Political ChangesRise of hereditary monarchies in West AfricaRise of WarfareNew outside contacts enteringEuropean (Portuguese) influence along coast
Moroccan, North African influence pushing south
Radicalization of Islam
Rise of radical African Muslim Sahel states
Rulers, religious leaders called for purified Islam
Began to launch Jihad wars to purify beliefAmerican food cropsManioc, maize, peanuts, yams, melonsIntroduced after the sixteenth century
Cultivation expanded, thrived
Population growth in sub-Sahara
From 35 million in 1500
To 60 million in 1800
Slide41Portugal and Africa Set a PatternPortuguese explore AfricaEstablished factories, trading stationsPortugal not powerful enough to control tradeDiseases kept Europeans out of interiorHad to work cooperatively with local rulersMulattos penetrated interior for Portugal
Exchanges
Portugal obtained ivory, pepper, skins, gold
Africans obtained manufactured goods
Portugal successful because goods desired
Many cultural ideas exchange, images in artC0-Dominion of TradeDominated shipment, demand out of AfricaOn continent, African kings dominated trade of all types
How Portugal dealt with Africans
Missionary efforts, Catholicism spread; Ambassadors exchanged
Portugal begins to see Africans as savages, heathens, pagans
Began with Portuguese attitude towards African Muslims
Slavery introduced as Africans seen only as a commodity
Slaves became a primary trade commodity, Portugal became greedy
Many Africans limited, attempted to limit Portuguese influence
Human CargosEarly slave trade on the Atlantic Started by Portuguese in 1441 1460 about five hundred slaves/year shipped to Portugal, Spain 15TH century slaves shipped to sugar plantations on Atlantic islands
American planters needed labor
Indians not suited to slavery, most had died out
Portuguese planters imported slaves to Brazil, 1530s
Slaves to Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, Central America, 1510 - 1520s
English colonists brought slaves to North America early 17TH centuryTriangular trade
All three legs of voyage profitable
In Africa, finished goods traded for slaves
In Americas, slaves traded for sugar, molasses
In Europe, American produce traded
At every stage slave trade was brutal
Individuals captured in violent raids
Forced marched to the coast for transport
Middle Passage and First Year
Between 25-50 percent died on passage
Another 25 percent died first year
Impact of the Slave Trade on AfricaVolume of the Atlantic slave trade Increased dramatically after 1600 c. 1800 100,000 shipped per year About 12 million brought to AmericasAnother 12 million died en route
Volume of Muslim trade
Ten million slaves shipped out of Africa
Islamic slave trade between 8
th
and 19th centuriesSocial ImpactProfound on African societies
Impact uneven: some societies spared, some profited
Some areas had no population growth, stagnation
For generations, many leaders, intellectuals missing
Distorted African sex ratios
Two-thirds of exported slaves were males
Polygamy encouraged, often common
Forced women to take on men's duties
Gender involved in trades
Atlantic Route: men and women
Trans-Saharan Route: men only
Indian Ocean Route: women and young boys (eunuchs)
Politically and economic disruption
Firearms traded for slaves led to war and state formation
Many states grew powerful as a slave-raiding state
Fostered conflict and violence between peoples
Failed to develop economics, industry, trade beyond slave trade
Beginning of a process which impoverished Africa until today
Slide44Mapping the Height of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Slide45Statistics of the Atlantic Slave Trade
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
CARRIERS
DESTINATIONS
PORTUGAL
4.7 million
BRAZIL
4.0 million
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING THE USA
2.9 million
SPANISH
EMPIRE
2.5 million
SPAIN
1.6 million
BRITISH WEST INDIES
2.0 million
FRANCE
1.3 million
FRENCH WEST INDIES
1.6 million
NETHERLANDS
0,9 million
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING USA
500,000
DUTCH WEST INDIES
500,000
DANISH WEST INDIES
28,000
EUROPE AND ATLANTIC ISLANDS
200,000
SOURCE: “THE SLAVE TRADE” BY HUGH THOMAS
Slide46American Plantation SocietyCash crops Introduced to fertile lands of Caribbean: early 15th c. Important cash cropsCaribbean Coast: Sugar, cocoa, coffeeSouthern States of US: Tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton
Plantations dependent on slave labor
Plantations racially divided
100 or more slaves with a few white supervisors
Whites on top of social pyramid
Free people of colorCreole blacks Born in Americas of mixed parentage
House slaves
Saltwater slaves
Directly from Africa
Field slaves, mines
High death rates in Caribbean, Brazil
Led to continued importation of slaves
Led to an expansion of the slave trade to Africa
Led to an internal slave trade in some states
Most slaves to Caribbean (Haiti) and Brazil
Only about 5 percent of slaves to North America
Less than 1% to the US
Slave families more common
Slide47African Traditions in the AmericasAfricans brought their traditions, cultures with themOften retained only their traditionsMost Africans in Americas came from same region in AfricaHybrid traditions arose blending with Western traditionsAfrican and Creole languages
Slaves from many tribes; lacked a common language
Developed creole languages
Blending several African languages
With the language of the slaveholder
Religions also combined different cultures African Christianity was a distinctive syncretic practice African rituals and beliefsRitual drumming, singing
Pentecostal like behaviors
Animal sacrifice, magic, and sorcery
Examples: Obeah, vodun, candomble
Other cultural traditions
Hybrid cuisine
Weaving, pottery
Slide48End of Slave Trade and Abolition of SlaveryResistance to slavery widespread, though dangerous Slow work, sabotage, and escape Slave revolts rare – brutally suppressed by owners 1793 Slave Rebellion in Saint-DomingueFrench Revolution abolished slavery
Black Jacobins stage revolution, end slavocracy
Resisted repeated French attempts to reconquer
Established the free state of Haiti
New voices and ideas against slavery
Enlightenment began discussionAmerican, French revolutions: ideals of freedom and equality Slave Journals and Narratives greatly influenced debate
Slavery became increasingly costly
Slave revolts made slavery expensive and dangerous
Decline of sugar price, rising costs of slaves
British abolished slavery, slave trade
British navy patrolled Africa and arrested, hung slave traders
Manufacturing industries rivaled slave industries
Paid labor was cheaper and often more reliable
Industry was more profitable; Africa became a market
End of the Atlantic slave trade
Most European states abolished slave trade in early 19
th
century
The abolition of slavery followed slowly
Many European states abolished slavery between 1790 and 1810
1833 in British colonies, 1848 in French colonies
1865 in the United States, 1888 in Brazil
Trans-Saharan, East African Slave trades existed until 1880s, 1900s
Slide49Unit 5 – 1750 to 1900 – Europeans to Americas, more slavery, England to Australia, Polynesian Migrations
Slide5019th and 20th CenturyMigrationsModern Mass Movement
Slide51The FactsMost common typesLabor migrationRefugee migrationUrbanization18th Century ImmigrationAccelerated over time periodLargest examples were the African slave trades
Colonization of territories common
19
th
Century Immigration
Caused by industrialization and opening of interior landsLarge demand for labor to replace slaves, work factories, plantationsFacilitated by modern developments in transportationInternational Trade and Imperialism are influencing factorsRemade the Americas, Australia20th Century Immigration
Cannot understand modern world without immigration
Economic and Social Globalization and modern immigration are linked
Economic disparities, decolonization, and war are critical
Intellectual migration has become quite common
Slide5219th c. Demographic RevolutionCausesMassive Population Surge beginning in WestImmediate Results Prior to IndustrializationMassive insecurityTemporary migrationGrowth of Cities and Urbanization due to IndustrializationBy 1900 had begun to spread to Japan, Russia, Eastern Europe
Rural economies replaced by urban industrial economies in West
Enclosure movements around the world
Food shortages such as Irish Potato Famine
Industrialization and Urbanization demanded all types of labor
Need to replace slavery, serfdom in some areas of the worldNew Circular Migration PatternsCommercialization of agriculture produced new labor demandsShort term labor common, replaces year round farm laborNew Migrant Labor for farming, construction of infrastructureMigration of women as laborers became commonHigher mobility of people including labor
Slide5319th c. The Atlantic WorldWestern and Eastern Europe1800 – 1940: 50 million Europeans immigrated Southern Europeans: Italians, Greeks, AlbaniansEastern Europeans: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Russians, Jews
Western/Northern Europe: Scandinavians, Irish
West Europe saw urbanization, migration of labor from farms to industry
Africa
Slave trade continued until early 20
th centuryAtlantic Slave trade largely ended by 1820Illegal Slave Trade to Brazil continued until c. 1850Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Slave Trades continued until c. 1910
Popular Migrations
Boer Great Trek from Capetown to Interior to avoid British influence, control
Mfecane in South Africa due to Zulu wars spreads Nguni to Southern Africa
Migration of Somali into Ogden, East Africa due to drought
Large colonial settlement of Europeans to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, South Africa
Muslim jihads on West African Sahel produce migrations of people across region
Africans move to work gold, rubber, diamond, industrial concerns of Europeans
The Americas
19
th
Century
Largest recipients were the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
USA, Canada received large populations from Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia
Settlement of the Frontier
Mexico, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina all settled their frontiers
All attempted to attract settlers and laborers with good salaries, grant of land
Slide5419th c. Asian Migration to AfricaSouth and Southeast Asia50 million Indians, Chinese, Malay, Filipinos migrated as contract laborersCommercial labor settled in thriving cities, portsPhysical labor worked tea, rubber, rice, sugar, coffee plantationsIndians (Both Hindu and Muslims)
Went to African plantations as contract laborers, physical laborers
Many voluntarily moved to Africa to establish businesses to serve migrants
British used Indians as lower colonial administrators in their Asian empire
Indians in East Africa
First arrived as coolie laborers in late 1800s to build the Ugandan RailwayOriginal 32,000 contracted laborersMany stayed as shopkeepers, artisans, traders, clerks, low level administrators
Excluded from middle, senior ranks of the colonial government, from farming
Became commercial middleman, professional community including doctors, lawyers
Indian traders followed Arab trading routes inland on the coasts of East Africa
Indians had monopoly on Zanzibar's trade in 19th century
Between the building of the railways and the end of World War II
Number of Indians in East Africa swelled to 320,000
By 1940s: some colonial areas passed laws restricting the flow of immigrants
The Indians had firmly established control of commercial trade
80 to 90 percent in Kenya, Uganda plus sections of industrial development
In 1948, all but 12 of Uganda's 195 cotton ginneries were Indian run
Indians in South Africa
The majority of the Asian South African population is
Indian
in origin
Most of them descended from indentured workers
Transported to work in 19th century on sugar plantations of Natal
They are largely English speaking
1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent 2% of South Africa’s population
Gandhi worked as lawyer in South Africa amongst immigrant workers
African National Congress modeled after Indian National Congress
Slide55Migration 1800 to 1914
Slide56Unit 6 – 1900 to today – Africans to Europe for work, Latin Americans to US for work, Chinese/Indians to ENG controlled lands for work
Slide57Major 20th c. Migrations
Slide58Immigration and World WarsWorld War I and AfterRefugees produced by warfare in record numbersMillions of colonial subjects migrated to fronts to support war100,000 Vietnamese; 100,000 Chinese, 100,000 AfricansMany worked in Europe, at war fronts as laborersPeace Treaty produced immigration
Germans expelled from former territories
Turks expelled from Europe
Greeks expelled from Turkey
Armenian Genocide
Millions of Armenians migrated from SW Asia to AmericasIncreased Jewish migration to Palestine reached 400,000 by 1948The Soviet Union’s Migrations3 million refugees (ethnic groups, elite) fled communist revolutions to westUSSR resettled peoples whom they distrusted
World War II
Japanese invasion of China created up to 50 million internal immigrants
Nazis used forced settlement, internal migration
Millions of Germans settled in occupied Eastern lands
European Jews rounded up and shipped to Eastern Europe
Millions of Europeans used as slave labor in German factories
Prisoners of War and Refugees number in millions
End of War Expulsions and Resettlement
Allies expelled millennia old German populations from Eastern, Central Europe
Millions of Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Romanians resettled in former German lands
Soviets forcibly resettled 100,000+ Eastern Europeans into USSR
Slide59Decolonization: Atlantic1922 – 1975Effect of two world wars and fight for democracy, self-determinationEurope lost its colonies and most colonial populations repatriated homeMany highly educated elite of ethnic groups moved for opportunitiesThe bulk of immigrants were as laborers when labor was neededViolence of the change of administration influenced others to migrationAmericasWest Indies
Underemployment drove men, women to UK for jobs
Most have stayed in United Kingdom and not returned home
Suriname
Some 33% of the Surinamese have gone to Netherlands
A high rate have returned homeAfricaPortugal received greatest bulk of Africans migrating to EuropeOriginally qualified Africans for school and some unskilled laborersAfter collapse of colonies, whites returned along with African elite, more laborers
East Africa
Largely Hindu, Muslims, and Asian populations left
Many went to India and Pakistan but a considerable number to UK, Canada
North Africa
More than 1.5 million French colonists returned home en masse in 1950s and 1960s
Almost one million laborers and students have migrated to France and Spain
Slide60Mapping Migration since 1945
Slide61Current Immigration Routes
Slide62Labor Migration Since 1945CausesDeveloped world of rich nations attracted labor and brain power with higher payThe bulk of immigrants were laborers when labor was neededMany ethnic commercial minorities felt threatened and movedPopulation in 3rd world high; birth rates in 1st world declined = labor shortage1st world citizens increasingly abandoned agriculture = need for farm labor
Construction laborers needed in urbanizing world
The famous Brain Drain of the educated elite to the 1
st
World
Sources: Poor & Smart MigrateNet RecipientsUnited States, Canada, Western EuropePersian Gulf StatesJapan and AustraliaSouth AfricaNet SuppliersEastern and Southern Europeans to Northern and Western Europe
South Asian Muslims to the Persian Gulf States
North Africans, West Africans to West Europe especially Spain, France, Portugal, Italy and UK
Central Americans to the United States and Canada
The Caribbean to the United States and United Kingdom
Southeast Asians to France, the United States, and Australia
Turks to Germany and Austria
Irish to the United Kingdom and Continental Europe
Chinese to the United States and Canada
Southern African males to South African diamond, gold mines and industry
Slide63Migration: 20th c. Africa
Slide64Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration
Slide65Migrations to the Americas
Slide66Polynesian Migrations
Slide67Spread of Agriculture
Slide68Slide69Indo-European Migrations (4000 BCE -1000 BCE)
Slide70Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)
What knowledge spread with the Bantus?
Slide71Language “Migration”
Slide72Slide73Jewish Diaspora
Slide74Slide75Slide76Slide77Hun Empire threatens Europe and Asia (4th-6th centuries)
Huns help weaken the Roman Empire under Attila
White Huns invade India during the Gupta Empire
Huns (Xiongnu) invade Han Dynasty (Mulan)
Slide78The Spread of Islam (630-1700)
Slide79Turkic Migrations (7th-15th centuries)
Think about: Seljuks, Ottomons, Uyghers
Could they be offshoots of the Huns?
Slide80Viking Migrations (9th -11th centuries)
Slide81The Mongol Invasions (13th-15th centuries)
Slide82Forced Migration
Slide83Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838
Slide84Slide85European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
World Migration Routes Since 1700
Slide86Migration due to religious persecution
Slide87Current Migrations